...a fluorophore will bleach. This is, however, not the full story. The photobleaching rate does not depend... 2-fold does not reduce photobleaching by half. How exactly the photobleaching rate depends on power is...to select a photostable fluorescent protein. Photobleaching is the irreversible destruction of a fluorophore...influence of light. Any fluorescent molecule will photobleach at some point. For live-cell imaging, it is desirable...fluorescent proteins that are photostable. On top of photobleaching, fluorescent proteins may display reversible...destroyed. Factors that affect photostability The photobleaching rate of a fluorophore primarily depends on ...excitation wavelength. A fluorophore is less likely to bleach when it is excited off the peak wavelength, since...

...over time! Communicate often and clearly As a manager you need to clearly state expectations and goals. ...this gap by both highlighting that researchers do learn MANY transferable skills while working in the lab... be patient and keep an open mind. First let’s clear up a misconception about being a manager: yes, being...professional career of. Like everyone else I mostly learned through experience and from my mistakes. Here I... people! More specifically, they had different learning styles. One was a “Doer” and the other was a “... the best protocol;  he wanted to get going and learn through doing things. Had I realized that at the...fits all”. Manage the individuals in your team: learn what motivates them (keep in mind that it can be...

... a collection that is greater than 75 plasmids, please let us know by contacting [email protected]. ...plasmid can be added on subsequent pages. Type - please choose from one of the following descriptions for...e-mail us at  [email protected] Special cases Please contact us at [email protected] or +1 (617)-ADDGENE...must be verified by next-generation sequencing. Please see the help center article, “Can I deposit a pooled... any genomic alterations unique to your strain. Please contact us at [email protected] or +1 (617)-ADDGENE...bacterial strain(s) through Addgene. Description – please indicate the gene cloned into your plasmid, any... not lost.   Step 1: Sequences, Maps, and Files Please provide any full or partial plasmid sequences and...

... of restriction endonucleases and methyltransferases. Restriction endonucleases cleave DNA at or near ...system is MazE/MazF. The toxin MazF is a ribonuclease that cleaves specific sequences in RNA resulting in...restriction enzyme from cleaving the DNA. A role for restriction endonucleases in plasmid addition was...chromosome. The more stable endonuclease can then cut the chromosome leading to cell death. Antisense RNA-regulated...antitoxin. However, the antitoxin will be degraded leaving the cell to be killed by the more stable toxin....GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase and trapping it in the cleaved complex. This results in DNA breakage and cell ... which binds and inhibits MazF, is continually cleaved by the ClpAP protease so without continual production...

...its method of DNA cleavage. Instead of cleaving DNA at a defined site to form a clean DNA break, Cas3 locates...non-specific RNA cleavage and 2). cell toxicity. Cas7-11 does not display collateral RNA cleavage and is significantly...We are all oh so familiar with the nuclease Cas9, but how does it stack up to the new Cas enzymes on ...without shortly thereafter hearing ‘Cas9’. The Cas9 nuclease is a genome engineering powerhouse, and for good...staggered breaks, also known as sticky ends. Cas12a cleavage results in 5 bp overhangs and is particularly ...enzymes, Cas14 targets ssDNA instead of dsDNA. It cleaves ssDNA with high fidelity - sensitive to even a ... to Cas12a is that Cas14 also indiscriminately cleaves non-complementary ssDNA when engaged by its target...

...connect one concept to another which leads us to… Framework Learning to think like an immunologist, a geneticist...that you think are clearly connected, step back and ask yourself, “are these clearly connected because ...the way information or tasks are presented to a learner; and germane cognitive load refers to the work ...which can drive away even the most enthusiastic of learners.  What contributes to cognitive load?  Everything...use up your audience’s mental bandwidth.  Jargon Learning, using, and retaining new vocabulary takes time...others. But sometimes we’re unaware that we are leaning on an unspoken expectation of our audience knowing...details to communicate. It’s okay (and encouraged) to leave blank spaces or to gloss over some aspects when ...

...eukaryotic polyadenylation signal directs cleavage at the cleave signal and addition of a poly-A tail to...Resources on the Addgene Blog Learn how the Promoter Controls Gene Expression Learn about New Cloning Techniques...transcription stops, or termination. Read on to learn more! Download our Plasmids 101 eBook to get all... (such as a gene) and initiate the process of releasing the newly synthesized RNA from the transcription...destabilize the transcription complex, initiating cleavage of the transcript.   Figure 1: A predicted...transcription of the template and initiating the desired cleavage event, although some engineered terminators come...and RNA secondary structure to induce transcript cleavage, similar to the Rho-independent termination found...

...with them and remaining close colleagues of the PI? Or do lab alumni leave the field or get pushed out ...association? Will you learn how to run a lab if that is your aspiration? Will you help or at least observe grant...Scientists are lifelong learners. I believe we won’t be happy if we aren’t learning so before you take any...very communal. That didn’t suit my collaborative learning style at all. Finally I rotated in a small lab... members stay around? Is it too long or do they leave prematurely? Do lab alumni stay in the same field...organizational skills? Are they involved with colleagues and the department? Are they successful at getting...teamwork that brings out your best performance and learning? Everyone’s different so give some thought to ...

...with the piggyBac™ transposase itself, please read on to learn more about this exciting technology from...site-specific nuclease (such as CRISPR/Cas9) to create a double-stranded DNA break. After DNA cleavage, the piggyBac...the transposon in a completely seamless manner, leaving no sequences or mutations behind. Furthermore, ...before, thanks to the development of site-specific nucleases (CRISPR/Cas9, TALENs, and ZFNs). However, several... the edit of interest. Fortunately, by combing nuclease technology with the piggyBac™ system, these challenges... or cells lines, including stem cells, without leaving behind any accessory DNA sequences [2], [3]. Simply...integration [4], the donor cassette is removed leaving behind no accessory transposon sequences.  The ...

...bosses tell people where they stand clearly and routinely. They are clear with each employee about what they...truthfully and in clear terms. It isn’t necessary to be cruel, but is necessary to be direct and clear. There is...and where they need to improve, and they’re also clear about how the person is doing overall. Employees...Harvard Medical School researcher Connie Cepko to learn about her management style. Formalizing the feedback...discuss a person's performance or what has been learned, it helps to plan effective next steps. For a formalized...you say worked out best? What 3 things worked least well? Manager provides feedback (may be the same... out best.  Here are the 3 things that worked least well. Find out the Effect of the Feedback: How...

...this gap by both highlighting that researchers do learn MANY transferable skills while working in the lab... only so many methods and machines one team can learn so linking together expert teams can push a scientific...huge asset! As is true for any skill, there is a learning curve for collaborating and it is always a good...practice reaching out to other scientists, being clear about what was expected, and keeping track of speakers...much harder than starting a collaboration with a colleague. However, reaching outside your knowledge sphere...complex projects. It is also fun! I really enjoy learning from others and meeting people with different ...overcome some hesitation to ‘approach strangers’ and learn how to communicate outside my scientific expertise...

...Addgene Blog Learn about photoswitchable kinases Learn more about fluorescent biosensors Learn about using...further fused to a bipartite nuclear localization signal (bNLS) and a nuclear export signal (NES), both ...that occurs during nuclear envelope breakdown (without the nucleus, there’s no nuclear localization to monitor...human proteins predicted to be phosphorylated on at least one site. Phosphorylation is particularly important...activity is suppressed and NES activity is enhanced, leading to cytoplasmic translocation of the reporter. As... status. The relative ratio of cytoplasmic vs. nuclear fluorescence serves as a proxy for kinase activity...shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, nuclear export and import rates can influence KTR translocation...

...relies on two distinct Cas9 variants—nuclease-competent or nuclease-null—in order to effect different perturbations...imagine transfecting cells with both the nuclease-positive and nuclease-null variants of Cas9 along with the... Cas9 has two catalytic domains, each of which cleaves one strand of DNA upon binding the protospacer....the protein’s nucleolytic capability, and this nuclease-null or “dead” Cas9 (dCas9) variant can then be... many cases this is due both to lower relative nuclease efficiencies as well as to more stringent targeting... An alternative approach is to modulate Cas9’s nuclease activity by modifying the gRNA with which it is...functional changes to Cas9. For instance, when native (nuclease-competent) Cas9 interacts with a ≤15nt gRNA that...

...functional Cas9 nuclease, so there’s no potential for aberrant DNA cleavage. Direct HIV-1 cleavage allows T-...the HIV-1 genome from infected cells. Read on to learn how CRISPR can take on HIV-1 in vitro, and what ...immune system, notably CD4+ T-cells, and eventually leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in ...that most of the HIV-1 genome had been excised, leaving only a small portion of the LTRs joined together...expression. A pooled analysis found no evidence of Cas9 cleavage at predicted off-target sites with up to 7 mismatches...which could result in higher rates of off-target cleavage. In both cases, translating the in vitro work ...1 is limited to a subset of T-cells, but it is unclear if enough T-cells could be reached to ablate a ...

... the task. Do your homework. Learn what your future potential colleagues study. Think about how you might...  Erik Snapp just released version 3.4 of his eBook, How to Get a Faculty Position. This edition has ...you have any questions, comments or suggestions, please do not hesitate to email me at [email protected]... interviews but no job offers, is a failure to clearly articulate one's talents and ideas. Some key points...in your specialty area, it's a safe bet that at least some committee members will NOT be in your area....impressive to answer an expert's question than to leave everyone confused about your research because you...markers force people to be more succinct. Slide decks leads to the opposite and can suffocate an exciting idea...

... by specific sites that allow them to be cleaved and released. These constructs tend to be smaller than... Csy4 RNA nuclease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When overexpressed, Csy4 efficiently cleaves gRNAs sandwiched...above, except that they use an endogenous nuclease system to cleave the gRNAs. gRNAs are flanked by glycine... P and Z recognize the tRNA sequences, cleave them, and release the gRNAs. PTGs are assembled into a wt...your potential options and cloning methods, but please scroll down for plasmids suitable for other model...Assembly uses Type IIS restriction enzymes, which cleave outside of their recognition sequence, creating...transcriptional repression), and Fok1-dCas9 (dimeric nuclease). Gateway assembly method Frew Lab Multiple Lentiviral...

...synthetic modular version of the COX8 leader sequence called Leader Of Cox8 Repeated (LOC8R) to more accurately...DNA recognition domain and a mostly c-terminal nuclease domain. Feng Zhang's group utilized the bi-lobed...Cas9(C)-2xNLS) fragments facilitates target DNA cleavage upon co-expression and spontaneous self-assembly...actively shuttled out of the nucleus due to the nuclear export sequence. Treatment with rapamycin induces...nucleus, where the functional Cas9 molecule can cleave the target DNA. The inducible split cas9 approach... systems such as TAL effectors or Zinc Finger Nucleases, the Gersbach lab has modified the RNA-guided ...by the use of sequence-specific enzymes (e.g. nucleases, recombinases) which irreversibly excise or invert...

... Facebook, etc.) to learn about available jobs, fields, and trends “Never Leave an Empty Seat” at conferences...Let us know what topic you'd like to learn more about next. Leave your suggestions in the comments section...: “Academia or industry?” Once academia was the clear answer with a well-defined path to professorship...government. This great resource allows the undecided to learn about a variety of science professions based on ...the lab highlight “transferable” skills such as leadership, management, and communication. A great approach...diverse audiences Organization Mentorship Leadership Science writing competitions (e.g. Access...internships Communication Teamwork Management Leadership Networking University technology transfer...

...webinars, and learn more about the field.  Read the CCST Science Policy Career Guide to learn more about ...field from a more traditional policy background, learning the science part on the job. Each path to science...policy professional over Twitter or LinkedIn to learn more about their career trajectory. If there’s one...one role can encompass many of these activities leading to a rich day-to-day work life.  Action Items:  ... profession. Figure 1: Science policy can lead you to many paths! For a more details, check out...The big secret about science policy that I didn’t learn until arriving here in DC, is that so much policy...little P” policy, the possibilities are endless leading to many ways for you to find your own niche.  Action...

...field, requiring people who are willing to quickly learn, and apply their knowledge to a variety of problems...problems. In this post, I’ll share what I’ve learned as a healthcare consultant and give you an idea of what...activities depending on the expertise of the senior leadership and members of their consulting staff. Who would...The consultants who enjoy their jobs most, get pleasure from taking up such complex challenges, quickly...ameliorated by thoughtful planning and engagement, leaving mental energy to enjoy the more rewarding and educational...in Bioengineering, and one of the things that pleasantly surprised me in my first few months as a healthcare...molecular behaviors of chemicals and proteins to learn how a particular drug or medical device works. This...