... two results for your antibody of interest: two clear populations or a huge smear across your FSH vs reporter...intensity. Signals any higher than this may not be clearly picked up by the sensors. You can adjust this by... positive population between 103.5–104.5 for a cleaner readout. A yes-no plot If you are using an antibody...sample (right). Negative and positive samples are clearly distinguishable as two separate populations. Created... data as a dot plot.  To summarize, if you have clear positive and negative populations for your marker...compare between samples. In cases where there is no clear distinction between the presence/absence of your...

...which cleaves the synaptic protein VAMP2, a protein essential for synaptic transmission. Cleavage of VAMP2...ever like to write about a recent plasmid deposit please sign up here.      Listen to this episode of the... it inactive, thus inhibiting neurotransmitter release. How is this light-mediated? The researchers split...split botulinum neurotoxin halves to enable VAMP2 cleavage, and suppresses neuronal transmission within minutes...differentiation. Furthermore, TALEN and ZFN require custom nucleases for each gene of interest. CRISPR-Cas9 tools have...

... or profession, you need to make sure you have learned and mastered the fundamentals.   What are your ...of the office? Katz: I have a puppy and so I am learning how to train a dog with my daughter. It’s super...with our new dog, Daisy, or out on golf course! Learn more about Karen Katz, Esq Ms. Katz is the Director...Boards of BioBuilder and Brookline Interactive. Learn more about Carl Paratore, MBA, CPA Mr. Paratore ...Auditor at Tufts Health Plan. In that capacity he leads the Internal Audit function and is responsible for... MA. Additional resources on the Addgene blog Learn more about about Addgene in our "Inside Addgene"...

...affected by light. Long-term light exposure can also lead to cellular phototoxicity, and experimental success...can be affected by both autofluorescence and photobleaching. Researchers have long been interested in using...reality, Addgene depositor Takeharu Nagai and colleagues at Osaka University have developed Nano-lantern... cells. As Nano-lanterns are not subject to photobleaching/phototoxicity, they successfully imaged multiple...applications. For long-term imaging, especially where photobleaching and phototoxicity are a concern, these constructs...Addgene. Additional Resources on the Addgene Blog Learn about Photoactivatable Fluorescent Proteins Check...

...Blog Learn About our Cancer Colleciton Pages Use the ClonTracer Library for Lineage Tracing Learn About...to well-annotated cellular pathways). It wasn’t clear whether gene-agnostic bioassays could accurately...proud to have worked closely with our Addgene colleagues to make these available to the scientific community...10.1016/j.coisb.2017.02.002. We hope that by releasing these new and exciting plasmid collections (together...clinical sequencing studies. At the Broad, my colleague Cory Johannessen and his team have recently demonstrated...

... see by this post’s chromatin illustrations from Leah Bury of Microscopic Art. I started thinking about... we definitely don’t have that you really want, please let us know! And if you study chromatin and want...indicated gene, and you can subscribe to these pages to learn when Addgene receives new plasmids containing these...t see the gene you’re looking for on this list, please consider searching directly on our website. ... 25. 95(5):625-36. An architectural role for a nuclear noncoding RNA: NEAT1 RNA is essential for the structure...Addgene blog post about chromatin--multiple Addgene colleagues and guest bloggers have written posts describing...

...specific. Once inside the host cell, the virus unleashes its cargo – its own genome.   Fig. 1:...access to the host genome requires breakdown of the nuclear envelope, which occurs during mitosis. The most...and dividing cells. They accomplish this through nuclear localization signals which can traffic their viral...PMCID: PMC413431. 2. Bukrinsky MI, et al. “Active nuclear import of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 preintegration...PMC1368960. Additional Resources on the Addgene Blog Learn More about Lentivirus Listen to Connie Cepko Discuss...Resources on Addgene.org Browse Our Viral Vector Pages Learn About Viral Vector Biosafety Deposit Your Viral ...

...polymerases (Pol μ and Pol λ), nucleases (Artemis), and structure-specific end cleaning enzymes (Aprataxin, Tdp2...Cas9 protein doesn’t immediately release from the broken end after cleavage, which may interfere with loading... the products of accurate repair are easily re-cleaved while indel products aren’t, so repeated cycles...latter products. As noted above, a single cycle of cleavage and accurate repair should take less than an hour...

...activate essentially any gene,” she says. The technical leap from mutating and deactivating a gene or genes to...published in Nature in December, Konermann and her colleagues in Feng Zhang’s lab describe just such a system...transcription activation processes. Konermann and her colleagues demonstrated the new system by screening for ...in those 15,977 human genes. Weissman and his colleagues demonstrated in a paper in Cell that they could...which guide RNA we use. What we have to do now is learn more about the rules.” He said that there is no ... These libraries are lentiviral in nature, so please ensure that you are equipped and authorized to ...

...review see Maday et al., 2014). It is currently unclear which proteins facilitate transport of neuronal...expansion of RABV. This improvement resulted in a clearer picture of neuronal connectivity in the mammalian... mapping of the neuronal circuitry involved in learning and memory (Kohara et al., 2014; plasmids at Addgene...particle is taken up on one side of the cell and released again at another side of the cell after intracellular...transport without actually causing infection or leading to transgene expression within the first cell. ...development of more powerful AAV serotypes, and perhaps lead to controlled trans-synaptic spread of AAV vectors...21782903. McFarland, N.R., Lee, J.S., Hyman, B.T., and McLean, P.J. (2009). Comparison of transduction efficiency...

... and ligands vary in their chemical structure, leading to differences in their excitation and emission...peak wavelength can also decrease the rate of photobleaching. Interaction with receptors: Understanding ...the choice of fluorescent dye. For instance, the cleavage of FITC-conjugated protein ligands is unaffected...experimental conditions. Common issues include photobleaching, non-specific binding, and quenching, which... reduce ‘muddying’ of the signal and facilitate clear differentiation between multiple dyes during analysis...states in response to a specific stimuli, which leaves only a small volume of fluorophores in an excited..., M., & Ghods, R. (n.d.). Comparison of the Photobleaching and Photostability Traits of Alexa Fluor 568...

...that other technologies need to be discarded but clearly we are in an era of neuroscience research where... the technique is remarkably straightforward to learn and relatively cheap (compared to many other technologies...Program (NIH-NIDA IRP), with the stated goal of learning behavioral optogenetics in order to implement ... to share some of the tips and tricks and I’ve learned from numerous scientists at NIDA and some of the...region can result in a particular neurotransmitter release or post-synaptic current. Fortunately, if your ...variants [1, 2, 4]. And, of course, the best way to learn about the many different opsin variants and how ...University.  His interests include the role of learning and memory in opioid addiction and science communication...

... this cause and helped by expanding this team, leading monthly calls, and planning next steps. April Clyburne-Sherin...future of reproducibility workshops and lessons learned: Since early 2018 the team has grown to include...all levels of the scientific community. Lessons learned Instead of continuously talking about a problem...like to join or contribute to this collaboration, please check out the official website, follow the group...conversations on the history of the group, lessons learned, and to Sonali Roy, Magdalena Julkowska, and Jennifer...on Transferable Skills: External Collaborations Learn about the 2018 Minisymposium on Scientific Reproducibility...

...metabolism. Cancer cells promote oxidative stress leading to the degradation of one key enzyme (among others...built to protect us now seems to attack us by releasing mitogenic growth mediators and improving cancer... When it comes to breast cancer, Hoshinho and colleagues found that after injecting breast cancer cells...process is not fully understood, a team of researchers lead by Takayuki Kogure (Kogure et al., 2011) believes...Addgene blog Read our cancer related blog posts Learn about our cancer collection pages Read more about...resources page  Find plasmids for your research Learn about Addgene's viral service ...

... into close proximity with the target protein, leading to polyubiquitination of the target protein and...proteasome machinery through binding with cereblon, leading to rapid target degradation (Figure 1). Plasmids...ortho-AP1867) via various chemical linkers. Our current lead dTAG molecule is dTAG-13 due its immediate action...happy to share aliquots of dTAG-13 in the meantime, please address your requests for dTAG molecules and any...terminus is favorable for tagging. However, if it is unclear which terminus should be tagged, the dTAG lentiviral... interested in targeted protein degradation, and lead author on the recent paper describing the dTAG technology...

...she made through this program lead to her current job. “One of my colleagues in the class was like, “Hey...people are,” says Susan. Her passion for insects lead her to start a PhD in entomology at the University...which Susan replied, “What’s a science writer?” Learning about SciComm by doing SciComm Writing had always...Evaluating evidence. Critical thinking. Being able to learn things quickly. Story telling. The ability to know...tips for using social media as a scientist here Learn more about storytelling in science ...

...these molecules are clearly associated with cellular damage and dysfunction, it is unclear what the precise...Transposable elements such as long/short interspersed nuclear elements can generate dsRNA by bidirectional transcription...silenced, but dysregulation of these systems can lead to local dsRNA production. In the same vein, genotoxic...barring a loss of mitochondrial integrity that would release them into the cytosol. Fig. 2: Endogenous... of DNA damage, and these structures can in turn lead to genome instability. Thus, it’s important to strike...

...s lab and Viviana Gradinaru’s lab used machine learning to design new channelrhodopsins that are more ...channelrhodopsin that’s successful in vivo. Using machine-learning to overcome channelrhodopsin design challenges... Arnold and Gradinaru Labs developed a machine-learning model to help them construct “designer” channelrhodopsins...and secure a fiber optic cannula to the skull, leaving the brain intact. When the fiber optic light was...Mackey ED, Gradinaru V, Arnold FH (2019) Machine learning-guided channelrhodopsin engineering enables minimally... PHP.eB AAV capsid Read more about optogenetics Learn about the differences between chemogenetics and ...

...and lentiviral envelope plasmids are listed here. Please note that both lentiviruses and gamma-retroviruses...express siRNAs of their choice in mammalian cells.  Learn more about Mammalian shRNA Tools for RNAi! Cre-Lox... gene knockdown. Vector provided by the Qi lab. Learn more about CRISPR plasmids for transcriptional inhibition...mammalian genome that can reveal how genetic alterations lead to changes in phenotype. The plasmid comes with ...We are constantly improving our CRISPR reagents. Please check www.genome-engineering.org for the most up-to-date...information. Check our CRISPR guide and blog to learn more about CRISPR and the most recent developments...

...Addgene to accelerate their research. Read on to learn how these researchers plan to use plasmids from ...Sciences of NOVA University in Lisbon, Portugal. She leads the Glycoimmunology group based at the Research ...mild or exacerbated inflammatory response which leads to nearly 25% child mortality. Since glycans play...human disease change Arg to another amino acid. Clearly, the development of a pharmacological intervention...binds to and inhibits a potassium channel, causing release of acetylcholine. Given its unique molecular biology...BeHeard Award winners! Paula Videira is the team leader of the Glycoimmunology group at UCIBIO, FCT-UNL...