... impossible to interpret. Polishing the fiber optics with diamond polishing paper of sequentially increasing... second key point; the fiber optics need to be polished to significant smoothness to prevent drastic loss...its output with a light meter before and after polishing. Efficiency of the implant should be at least ... output. The same considerations apply to the polishing and preparation of the patch cable (although you...

... how much they get paid. Institutional salary policies are one indicatator of how salaries may changes... 2014, 89% of institutions had a minimum salary policy: of those, 51% of institutions set their postdoctoral...National Postdoctoral Association Institutional Policy Report 2014). However, ~30% set their minima lower...lower. Furthermore, 7% did not enforce these policies. It is unclear how many postdocs are at each of ...only is this in direct contradiction to explicit policies set up other institutions (like University of ...

...target protein, so they are referred to as polyclonal. Polyclonal antibodies have the advantage of more robustly...find more details about polyclonal antibodies on our Antibodies 101: Polyclonal Antibodies blog post. Monoclonal...advantages and disadvantages compared to each other. Polyclonal antibodies These antibodies are derived from ...

... boxes Some vendors take back their expanded polystyrene (a.k.a. Styrofoam or cooler boxes). We get these...receiving temperature-controlled reagents. Expanded polystyrene will likely end up in a landfill, but at least...with CO2 emissions. NEB takes back expanded polystyrene boxes for free (in the U.S.). Their cooler boxes... 1976! Millipore Sigma takes back expanded polystyrene boxes for free (in the U.S.). After you receive...

... excessive PCR cycles or low fidelity Taq DNA polymerase, the construction of specific sequences for base...believed that the exonuclease activity of the polymerase generates sticky ends in the PCR reactions. These...any subsequent steps. Using high fidelity DNA polymerases, I have never had any mutations introduced into...efficiency is highest when using high fidelity DNA polymerases like phusion. An 18-cycle PCR leads to the most...

...express fewer than four gRNAs, you’ll clone in a polyT-termination sequence for each unused promoter. This...transcript You can also multiplex gRNAs via a polycistronic transcript. Rather than being transcribed from...option described below, plasmids for making polycistronic gRNAs are also available from the Yang lab for...Comparison of Multiplex Strategies including Standard PolIII-gRNA cassette, Csy4-cleavable cassette, and PTG...Plasmids: These plasmids are similar to the Csy4 polycistronic system described above, except that they use...gRNAs are flanked by glycine tRNAs to create polycistronic glycine tRNA-gRNA (PTG) constructs. Eukaryotic...

...just upstream of the final ITR.  polyA  The polyadenylation or polyA signal aids in the nuclear export...translation, and promotes RNA transcript longevity. The polyA is located at the end of the AAV genome, just upstream...

...use a high fidelity polymerase to minimize mutations. The fidelity of the polymerase becomes more important... million bp depending on the polymerase used. No matter which polymerase you use, it is important that...

... be shared across other proteins. Conversely, polyclonal antibodies - which are a heterogenous mixture...antibodies, their cost is higher than that of polyclonal antibodies. For example, it takes longer to develop...than it does to immunize an animal and recover polyclonal antibodies (Lipman et al., 2005). This is reflected...Trudel LJ, Weis-Garcia F (2005) Monoclonal Versus Polyclonal Antibodies: Distinguishing Characteristics, Applications...

...cloning capacity of ~8 kb, so either a single polycistronic vector or multiple single-gene vectors can be...retroviral vectors. This makes it possible to use a polycistronic cassette that expresses multiple reprogramming...factors can be delivered either as a single polycistronic transgene or with four different adenoviruses... ~14.5kb minicircle expressing a 2A peptide polycistronic cassette comprised of OCT4, SOX2, LIN28, NANOG...help mediate their transduction, such as the polyarginine peptide described in Zhou et al and Kim et ...

... Traditionally, they have been made as either polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal hybridomas, but those...those techniques have several drawbacks. Polyclonal antibodies produced in animals may be variable among...& Plückthun, 2015a).   Figure 1: (Top) Polyclonal antibodies are produced in animals and consist...Recombinant antibodies offer numerous advantages over polyclonal antibodies and traditional hybridomas.  First...

... both vector amplification with low fidelity polymerases and the cost of synthesizing longer oligos, which...simple cloning procedures. Use high fidelity DNA polymerase This will minimize random errors during PCR: ...aliquots of PCR master-mix, containing buffer, polymerase and dNTPs, can be stored frozen: just defrost...mutagenesis by placing homologous ends on DNA using polymerase chain reaction." Biotechniques 10.1 (1991): 62...

...biomolecules to the gel and add gel components to polymerize. Step 3: digest the sample to allow for even ...components penetrate the sample, how well the gel polymerizes, and the level of digestion. All of these factors...of epitopes during sample anchoring and gel polymerization - issues that can be minimized through tweaks...tweaks to these steps. But even under ideal polymerization and digestion conditions, loss of signal often...

...slow the polymerization of formaldehyde.  Note: Formaldehyde in solution will naturally polymerize and lose...paraformaldehyde (PFA) as the fixative. PFA is a polymer of formaldehyde that, on its own, is not a fixative...PFA is dissolved in solution and heated, it depolymerizes, producing formaldehyde. Often people will call...

...positively charged polycation, polybrene. Interestingly, one study found that alternative polycations such as DEAE-dextran...efficiency of lentiviral vectors: effect of sera and polycations.” Molecular Biotechnology 53.3 (2013). 308-14...

...lower background signals than polyclonal antibodies. However, polyclonal antibodies are more sensitive...clone that are specific to a certain epitope, or polyclonal, meaning there are many clones that are specific... antibodies are typically more expensive than polyclonal antibodies. Environmental factors, binding partners...available epitope on your protein of interest. Polyclonal antibodies are typically collected directly from...targeting various epitopes on the same antigen. Polyclonal antibodies are often more environmentally stable...protein in any form it may be present in. However, polyclonals can vary significantly from lot to lot, as immune...consider the following questions: Do you need polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies? Will you be using a...

...developed to quantify RNA transcription by RNA Polymerase III. By expressing Corn under promoters for transcripts... transcripts uniquely transcribed by RNA Polymerase III (5S, tRNA and U6) and measuring Corn fluorescence...effect of mTOR inhibition on the activity of RNA Polymerase III. Red and orange fluorescent aptamers Corn...PMC5602116. Song, Wenjiao, et al. "Imaging RNA polymerase III transcription using a photostable RNA–fluorophore...

... biology and biotechnology purposes.  Once a polypeptide is biotinylated (more on this below) it can be...Northern blotting Cell surface labelling Attaching polypeptides to a substrate Flow cytometry/fluorescence-activated...to either terminus of a DNA sequence during a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by using a biotinylated ...commonly used this method to attach proteins or polypeptides to a solid substrate (Holden and Cremer, 2003...

... sample and subject to isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) using a commercially available...reaction also contains SSB, strand displacement DNA polymerase, recombinase, and the ssDNA-FQ reporters that...transcription. This is then amplified by PCR using Taq Polymerase and then transcribed to provide RNA substrates...instead of RPA. Unlike RPA, this technique uses Taq polymerase which is widely available and less expensive....

...single stranded regions with homology to anneal a polymerase, to fill in the gaps a DNA ligase, to seal the...than 200 nucleotides before the annealing and polymerization steps could occur. Secondly, it does not work...instead of using the exonuclease feature of T4 DNA polymerase, which must be controlled by the presence or ...methods that have been described--CPEC (circular polymerase extension cloning) and SLiCE (Seamless Ligation...