Fluorescent Protein Guide: Empty Backbones

Background

Fluorescent proteins are genetically encoded tools that are used extensively by life scientists. The original green fluorescent protein (GFP) was cloned in 1992 (Prasher et al., Gene, 1992), and since then scientists have engineered numerous GFP-variants and non-GFP proteins that result in a diverse set of colors.

Addgene has assembled a collection of empty plasmid backbones with different fluorescent tags for you to create fusion proteins with your gene of interest. These are organized By Color of the fluorescent protein and By Expression Species .

The content for this page was generated with the help of Erik Snapp .

Empty Backbones for Fluorescent Protein Fusions (Organized by Color)

For each table:

• Excitation and Emission maximum are listed in nm.
• Brightness is the product of exctinction coefficient and quantum yield divided by 1000.
• pKa is the pH at which fluorescence intensity is 50% of its maximum value.
• Maturation is the time for fluorescence to obtain half-maximal value.
• Structure describes the monomeric or oligomeric state of the protein. Many FPs are monomers at low concentration but are prone to dimerization at high concentration, so this is noted here. Proteins that are derived from GFP and contain the A206K mutation are monomeric at all concentrations, so this is mutation is noted when present.
• For more information on the properties of many of these proteins, see:
  • Cranfill et al., Nature Methods 2016 Jul;13(7):557-62.
  • FPbase: A database for users of fluorescent proteins created by Talley Lambert at Harvard Medical School
  • More References below

Jump to:

Blue/UV

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
Sirius	355	424	4	3.0		Prone to dimerization	Sirius-N1 - Mammalian Expression
SBFP2	380	446	13			Monomer (A206K)	pSBFP2-C1 - Mammalian Expression
Azurite	383	450	14	5		Prone to dimerization	pLV-Azurite - Mammalian Lentiviral expression pB18cmBFPAzurite - Bacterial Expression
mAzurite	383	450	14	5		Monomer (A206K)	mAzurite-N1 - Mammalian Expression mAzurite-C1 - Mammalian Expression
EBFP2	383	448	17	4.5		Prone to dimerization	pBad-EBFP2 - Bacterial Expression EBFP2-N1 - Mammalian Expression EBFP2-C1 - Mammalian Expression EBFP2-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
moxBFP	385	448	17			Monomer (A206K)	moxBFP - Mammalian Expression
mKalama1	385	456	16	5.5		Monomer (A206K)	pBad-mKalama1 - Bacterial Expression
mTagBFP2	399	456	32	2.7	12 min	Prone to dimerization	mTagBFP2-pBAD - Bacterial Expression

Cyan

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
Aquamarine	420	474	23	3.3		Prone to dimerization	pPROEX Aqua - Bacterial Expression pAquaN1 - Mammalian Expression
ECFP	433	475	13	4.7		Prone to dimerization	pcDNA3-CFP - Mammalian Expression pCAG-CFP - Mammalian Expression
Cerulean	433	475	27	4.7		Monomer (A206K)	Cerulean - Mammalian Expression pCS2+8CCerulean - Zebrafish/Xenopus/C.elegans/Sea urchin pCS2+8NCerulean - Zebrafish/Xenopus/C.elegans/Sea urchin mCerulean N1 - Mammalian Expression mCerulean C1 - Mammalian Expression
mCerulean3	433	475	32	3.2		Monomer (A206K)	mCerulean3-N1 - Mammalian Expression mCerulean3-C1 - Mammalian Expression
moxCerulean3	434	474	36	3.2		Monomer (A206K)	moxCerulean3 - Mammalian Expression
SCFP3A	433	474	17	4.5		Monomer (A206K)	pSCFP3A-C1 - Mammalian Expression
mTurquoise2	434	474	28	3.1		Monomer (A206K)	pmTurquoise2-C1 - Mammalian Expression pmTurquoise2-N1 - Mammalian Expression
CyPet	435	477	18	5		Monomer	pCEP4CyPet-MAMM - Mammalian Expression pCyPet-C1 - Mammalian Expression pCyPet-His - Bacterial Expression CYPet-N1 - Mammalian Expression CYPet-C1 - Mammalian Expression
AmCyan1	453	486	11			Tetramer	AmCyan1-N1 - Mammalian Expression
MiCy (Midoriishi-Cyan)	472	495	25	6.6		Dimer	MiCy-N1 - Mammalian Expression MiCy-C1 - Mammalian Expression MiCy-pBAD - Bacterial Expression

Green

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
iLOV	447	497				Monomer	pEiLOV-N1 - Mammalian Expression pGEX iLOV - Bacterial Expression iLOV-N1 - Mammalian Expression iLOV-C1 - Mammalian Expression
AcGFP1	475	505	28			Prone to dimerization	AcGFP1-N1 - Mammalian Expression AcGFP1-C1 - Mammalian Expression
sfGFP	485	507	54			Prone to dimerization	sfGFP-N1 - Mammalian Expression sfGFP-C1 - Mammalian Expression sfGFP-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
moxGFP	486	510	50			Monomer (A206K)	moxGFP - Mammalian Expression
mEmerald	487	509	39	6		Monomer (A206K)	mEmerald-N1 - Mammalian Expression mEmerald-C1 - Mammalian Expression mEmerald-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
EGFP	488	507	34	6		Prone to dimerization	pcDNA3-EGFP - Mammalian Expression pCAG-GFP - Mammalian Expression pLV-eGFP - Mammalian Lentiviral Expression Ac5-STABLE1-neo - Insect Expression pCS2+8CeGFP - Zebrafish/Xenopus/C.elegans/Sea urchin pCS2+8NeGFP - Zebrafish/Xenopus/C.elegans/Sea urchin pKT0128 - Yeast Expression EGFP-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mEGFP	488	507	34	6		Monomer (A206K)	pmEGFP-1 - Mammalian Expression mEGFP-N1 - Mammalian Expression mEGFP-C1 - Mammalian Expression mEGFP-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mAzamiGreen	492	505	41	5.8		Monomer	mAzami Green-N1 (mAG) - Mammalian Expression mAzami Green-C1 (mAG) - Mammalian Expression
cfSGFP2	493	517	34	5.4		Monomer (A206K)	cfSGFP2-N - Mammalian Expression (cysteine-free SGFP2)
ZsGreen	493	505	39			Tetramer	pHIV-Zsgreen - Mammalian Expression (this is a bicistronic vector rather than a fusion protein vector) ZsGreen1-N1 - Mammalian Expression
SGFP2	495	512	30			Monomer (A206K)	pSGFP2-C1 - Mammalian Expression
Clover	505	515	84	6.1	30 min	Prone to dimerization	pcDNA3-Clover - Mammalian Expression pFA6a-link-yoClover-Kan - Yeast Expression
dClover2	505	515				Dimer (A206K)	dClover2-N1 - Mammalian Expression dClover2-C1 - Mammalian Expression
mClover3	506	518	85	6.5		Monomer (A206K)	pNCS-mClover3 - Bacterial Expression
mNeonGreen	506	517	93	5.7	10 min	Monomer	pCS2+mNeonGreen-C Cloning Vector - Mammalian Expression

Yellow

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
EYFP	513	527	51	6.9		Prone to dimerization	pcDNA3-YFP - Mammalian Expression
Topaz	514	527	57			Prone to dimerization	Topaz-N1 - Mammalian Expression Topaz-C1 - Mammalian Expression Topaz-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mTopaz	514	527				Monomer (A206K)	mTopaz-N1 - Mammalian Expression mTopaz-C1 - Mammalian Expression mTopaz-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mVenus	515	528	53	6		Monomer (A206K)	mVenus N1 - Mammalian Expression mVenus C1 - Mammalian Expression pKT0090 - Yeast Expression mVenus-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
moxVenus	514	526	44			Monomer (A206K)	moxVenus - Mammalian Expression
SYFP2	515	527	69	6		Monomer (A206K)	pSYFP2-C1 - Mammalian Expression
mGold	515	530	68	5.9		Monomer	pJL-mGold - Yeast Expression pCaggs-mGold - Mammalian Expression
mCitrine	516	529	59	5.7		Monomer (A206K)	pcDNA3 mCitrine LIC cloning vector (6C) - Mammalian Expression pCS2+8CmCitrine - Zebrafish/Xenopus/C.elegans/Sea urchin pCS2+8NmCitrine - Zebrafish/Xenopus/C.elegans/Sea urchin pET mCitrine LIC cloning vector (u-mCitrine) - Bacterial Expression mCitrine-N1 - Mammalian Expression mCitrine-C1 - Mammalian Expression mCitrine-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
YPet	517	530	80	5.6		Prone to dimerization	pCEP4YPet-MAMM - Mammalian Expression pYPet-His - Bacterial Expression YPet-N1 - Mammalian Expression YPet-C1 - Mammalian Expression YPet-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
ZsYellow1	529	539	8			Tetramer	ZsYellow1-N1 - Mammalian Expression
mPapaya1	530	541	36	6.8		Monomer	mPapaya1-N1 - Mammalian Expression mPapaya1-C1 - Mammalian Expression
mCyRFP1	528	594	18	5.6		Monomer	pNCS-mCyRFP1 - Bacterial Expression mCyRFP1-C1 - Mammalian Expression

Orange

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
mKusabira-Orange (mKO)	548	559	31	5	4.5 hr	Monomer	pQC mKorange IX - Mammalian Expression mKusabira Orange-C1 (mKO) - Mammalian Expression mKO-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mOrange	548	562	49	6.5	2.5 hr	Monomer	pET mOrange LIC cloning vector (u-mOrange) - Bacterial Expression pCS2+8CmOrange - Zebrafish/Xenopus/C.elegans/Sea urchin pCS2+8NmOrange - Zebrafish/Xenopus/C.elegans/Sea urchin mOrange-N1 - Mammalian Expression mOrange-C1 - Mammalian Expression mOrange-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mOrange2	549	565	35	6.5	4.5 hr	Monomer	mOrange2-N1 - Mammalian Expression mOrange2-C1 - Mammalian Expression mOrange2-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mKO2	551	565	40	5.5		Monomer	mKO2-N1 - Mammalian Expression mKO2-C1 - Mammalian Expression mKO2-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
TurboRFP	553	574	62	4.4		Dimer	TurboRFP-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
tdTomato	554	581	95	4.7	1 hr	Tandem-dimer	pCSCMV:tdTomato - Mammalian Expression pFA6a-link-tdTomato-SpHis5 - Yeast Expression tdTomato-N1 - Mammalian Expression tdTomato-C1 - Mammalian Expression tdTomato-pBAD - Bacterial Expression

Red

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
mScarlet-H	551	592	15	4.8	4.4 hr	Monomer	pmScarlet-H_C1 - Mammalian Expression
mNectarine	558	578	26	6.9	30 min	Monomer	pBAD-mNectarine - Bacterial Expression
mRuby2	559	600	43	5.3	150 min	Prone to dimerization	pcDNA3-mRuby2 - Mammalian Expression pFA6a-link-yomRuby2-SpHis5 - Yeast Expression mRuby2-N1 - Mammalian Expression mRuby2-C1 - Mammalian Expression
eqFP611	559	611	35			Tetramer	eqFP611-N1 - Mammalian Expression
DsRed2	563	582	24			Tetramer	pCAG-DsRed2 - Mammalian Expression DsRed2-N1 - Mammalian Expression DsRed2-C1 - Mammalian Expression DsRed2-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mApple	568	592	37	6.5	30 min	Monomer	mApple-N1 - Mammalian Expression mApple-C1 - Mammalian Expression mApple-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mScarlet-I3	568	592	68	4.2	2 min	Monomer	pmScarlet-I3_C1 - Mammalian Expression
mScarlet3	569	592	78	4.5	37 min	Monomer	pmScarlet3_C1 - Mammalian Expression
mScarlet	569	594	71	5.3	2.9 hr	Monomer	pmScarlet_C1 - Mammalian Expression pCS2+mScarlet-C Cloning Vector - Mammalian Expression
mScarlet-I	569	593	57	5.4	36 min	Monomer	pmScarlet-i_C1 - Mammalian Expression
mStrawberry	574	596	26	4.5	50 min	Monomer	mStrawberry-N1 - Mammalian Expression
FusionRed	580	608	18			Monomer	FusionRed-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mRFP1	584	607	13	4.5	1 hr	Monomer	pcDNA3-mRFP - Mammalian Expression pMXs-mRFP1 - Mammalian Retroviral Expression
mCherry	587	610	16	4.5	15 min	Monomer	pcDNA3 mCherry LIC cloning vector (6B) - Mammalian Expression pLV-mCherry - Mammalian Lentiviral Expression pCS2+8CmCherry - Zebrafish/Xenopus/C.elegans/Sea urchin pCS2+8NmCherry - Zebrafish/Xenopus/C.elegans/Sea urchin pET mCherry LIC cloning vector (u-mCherry) - Bacterial Expression pFA6a-link-yomCherry-SpHis5 - Yeast Expression
mCherry2	587	610				Monomer	mCherry2-N1 - Mammalian Expression mCherry2-C1 - Mammalian Expression

Far-Red

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
mCrimson3	588	615	-			Monomer	mCrimson3-N1 - Mammalian Expression mCrimson3-C1 - Mammalian Expression
HcRed1	588	618	0.3			Dimer	pCAG-HcRed - Mammalian Expression HcRed1-N1 - Mammalian Expression HcRed1-C1 - Mammalian Expression
dKatushka	588	635	22	5.5		Dimer	dKatushka-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mKate1.3	588	635	25			Monomer	mKate1.31-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mPlum	590	649	4	4.5	100 min	Monomer	pQC mPlum IX - Mammalian Expression mPlum-N1 - Mammalian Expression mPlum-C1 - Mammalian Expression mPlum-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mRaspberry	598	625	13		55 min	Monomer	mRaspberry-N1 - Mammalian Expression
TagRFP675	598	675	4	5		Prone to dimerization	pTagRFP675-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisD-TagRFP675 - Bacterial Expression
mNeptune	600	650	13	5.4	35 min	Prone to dimerization	pcDNA3-mNeptune2-N - Mammalian Expression
mNeptune2	600	650	21			Prone to dimerization	mNeptune2-N1 - Mammalian Expression mNeptune2-C1 - Mammalian Expression
mCarmine	603	675	5.81	5.58		Monomer	mCarmine in pcDNA3 - Mammalian Expression mCarmine in pRSETB - Bacterial Expression
mCardinal	604	659	17	5.3	27 min	Prone to dimerization	mCardinal-N1 - Mammalian Expression mCardinal-C1 - Mammalian Expression mCardinal-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mMaroon	610	652	-			Monomer	mMaroon-N1 - Mammalian Expression mMaroon-C1 - Mammalian Expression
TagRFP657	611	657	0.34	5.3	27 min	Prone to dimerization	pTagRFP657-N1 - Mammalian Expression pTagRFP657-C1 - Mammalian Expression pFA6a-link-yoTagRFP657-Kan - Yeast Expression
smURFP + BV	642	670	32		39 min	Prone to dimerization	smURFP + BV - Mammalian Expression

Near-Infrared

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
miRFP670	642	670	12	4.5		Monomer	pmiRFP670-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/His-miRFP670 - Bacterial Expression
iRFP670	643	670	13	4	~5 hr	Dimer	piRFP670-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisB-iRFP670 - Bacterial Expression
iRFP682	663	682	10	4.5	~5hr	Dimer	piRFP682-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisB-iRFP682 - Bacterial Expression
miRFP703	673	703	8	4.5		Monomer	pmiRFP703-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/His-miRFP703 - Bacterial Expression
iRFP702	673	702	8	4.5	~5hr	Dimer	piRFP702-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisB-iRFP702 - Bacterial Expression
miRFP709	683	709	4	4.5		Monomer	pmiRFP709-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/His-miRFP709 - Bacterial Expression
mIFP	683	704	7	3.5		Monomer	mIFP-N1 - Mammalian Expression mIFP24-C1 - Mammalian Expression
IFP2.0	684	708	7			Prone to dimerization	IFP2.0-N1 - Mammalian Expression IFP2.0-C1 - Mammalian Expression
iRFP (aka iRFP713)	690	713	6	4.5	2.8 hr	Dimer	piRFP - Mammalian Expression pBAD/His-B-iRFP - Bacterial Expression
iSplit	690	713	5			Dimer	pPAS-E - Mammalian Expression pK-GAFm - Mammalian Expression pWA PAS-E BAD K-GAFm - Bacterial Expression
iRFP720	702	720	6	4.5	~5hr	Dimer	piRFP720-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisB-iRFP720 - Bacterial Expression

Long Stokes Shift

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
T-sapphire	399	511	26	4.9	1.3 hr	Prone to dimerization	pFA6a-link-yETSapphire-CaUra3 - Yeast Expression
mT-sapphire	399	511				Monomer (A206K)	mT-Sapphire-N1 - Mammalian Expression mT-Sapphire-C1 - Mammalian Expression mT-Sapphire-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
mAmetrine	406	526	26	6	0.8 hr	Monomer (A206K)	pBad-mAmetrine - Bacterial Expression mAmetrine-N1 - Mammalian Expression mAmetrine-C1 - Mammalian Expression
LSSmOrange	437	572	23	5.7	2.3 hr	Monomer	pLSSmOrange-C1 - Mammalian Expression pLSSmOrange-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD-LSSmOrange - Bacterial Expression
mKeima Red	440	620	3	6.5	4.4 hr	Monomer	pFA6a-link-yomKeima-CaURA3 - Yeast Expression mKeima-Red-N1 - Mammalian Expression mKeima-Red-C1 - Mammalian Expression
dKeima Red	440	616	22	6.5		Dimer	dKeima-Red-N1 - Mammalian Expression
LSSmKate1	463	624	3	3.2	1.7 hr	Monomer	pLSSmKate1-N1 - Mammalian Expression pLSSmKate1-C1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisD-LSSmKate1 - Bacterial Expression
LSSmKate2	460	605	4	2.7	2.5 hr	Monomer	pLSSmKate2-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisD-LSSmKate2 - Bacterial Expression LSSmKate2-C1 - Mammalian Expression

Photoactivatable (e.g. off to on)

Excitation and Emission wavelengths after activation.

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
Phamret	458	517	14			Monomer	Phamret-N1 - Mammalian Expression Phamret-C1 - Mammalian Expression
PA-sfGFP	485	511				Prone to dimerization	PA-sfGFP-N1 - Mammalian Expression PA-sfGFP-C1 - Mammalian Expression
mPA-Emerald	487	509	-			Monomer (A206K)	mPA-Emerald-N1 - Mammalian Expression mPA-Emerald-C1 - Mammalian Expression
PA-GFP	504	517	14			Monomer (A206K)	pPAGFP-N1 - Mammalian Expression pPAGFP-C1 - Mammalian Expression pRSETA-PAGFP - Bacterial Expression tandem PA-GFP-KanR - Yeast Expression pFA6a-PA-GFP-kanMX6 - Yeast Expression pFA6a-link-yEPAGFP-CaUra3 - Yeast Expression mPA-GFP-N1 - Mammalian Expression mPA-GFP-C1 - Mammalian Expression
PATagRFP	562	595	25	5.3	75 min	Prone to dimerization	pBAD/HisD-PATagRFP - Bacterial Expression
PAmCherry1	564	595	8	6.3	23 min	Monomer	pPAmCherry1-N1 - Mammalian Expression pPAmCherry1-C1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisB-PAmCherry1 - Bacterial Expression
PAmCherry2	570	596	13	6.2	18 min	Monomer	pPAmCherry2-C1 - Mammalian Expression
PAmCherry3	570	596	5	6.2	25 min	Monomer	pPAmCherry3-C1 - Mammalian Expression
PAmKate	568	628	5	5.6	19 min	Monomer	pPAmKate-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisB-PAmKate - Bacterial Expression
PAiRFP1	690	717	3			Dimer	pPAiRFP1-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisB-PAiRFP1 - Bacterial Expression
PAiRFP2	692	719	3			Dimer	pPAiRFP2-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisB-PAiRFP2 - Bacterial Expression

Photoconvertible (e.g. green to red)

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
Dendra2	490 / 553	507 / 573	23/19	6.6/6.9		Monomer	pEG545 - Worm Expression
mEos2	506 / 571	516 / 581	47 / 30	5.6/6.4		Prone to oligomerization	pRSETa mEos2 - Bacterial Expression pFA6a-link-yomEos2-CaURA3 - Yeast Expression
mEos3.2	507 / 572	516 / 580	53 / 18	5.4/5.8	20 min	Monomer	mEos3.2-N1 - Mammalian Expression mEos3.2-C1 - Mammalian Expression
mEos4a	505 / 569	516 / 581				Prone to oligomerization	mEos4a-N1 - Mammalian Expression mEos4a-C1 - Mammalian Expression
mEos4b	505 / 569	516 / 581				Monomer	mEos4b-N1 - Mammalian Expression mEos4b-C1 - Mammalian Expression
dEos	505 / 569	516 / 581	55 / 20			Dimer	dEos-N1 - Mammalian Expression
tdEos	505 / 569	516 / 581	55 / 20			Tandem dimer	tdEos-N1 - Mammalian Expression tdEos-C1 - Mammalian Expression
mKikGR	507 / 583	517 / 593	34 / 18	6.6/5.2		Monomer	mKikGR-N1 - Mammalian Expression mKikGR-C1 - Mammalian Expression
Kaede	508 / 572	518 / 580	87 / 20	5.6/5.6		Tetramer	Kaede-N1 - Mammalian Expression Kaede-C2 - Mammalian Expression
PSmOrange	548 / 634	565 / 662	58 / 9	6.2/5.6	1.6 hr	Monomer	pPSmOrange-N1 - Mammalian Expression pPSmOrange-C1 - Mammalian Expression pFA6a-link-yoPSmOrange-SpHis5 - Yeast Expression
PSmOrange2	546 / 619	561 / 651	31 / 7	6.6/5.4	3.5 hr	Monomer	pPSmOrange2-N1 - Mammalian Expression pBAD-PSmOrange2 - Bacterial Expression

Photoswitchable (e.g. off to on to off)

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
rsTagRFP	440 / 567	585 / 585	0.02 / 4.0	6.6	43 min	Prone to dimerization	pBAD/HisD-rsTagRFP - Bacterial Expression
rsEmerald	491	508					rsEmerald-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
rsGFP1	493	510					rsGFP1-pBAD - Bacterial Expression
Dronpa3	503	518	19			Monomer	Dronpa3-N1 - Mammalian Expression Dronpa3-C1 - Mammalian Expression
mGeos-M	503 / 569	514 / 581	44	4.7		Prone to dimerization	mGeos-M-N1 - Mammalian Expression mGeos-M-C1 - Mammalian Expression

Fluorescent Timers

Protein	Excitation (nm)	Emission (nm)	Brightness	pKa	Maturation	Structure	Plasmids
Fast-FT	403(blue), 583(red)	466(blue), 606(red)	14.9(blue), 6.8(red)	2.8/4.1	7.1 hr (red)	Monomer	pFast-FT-N1 - Mammalian Expression pTRE-Fast-FT - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisB-Fast-FT - Bacterial Expression
Medium-FT	401(blue), 579(red)	464(blue), 600(red)	18.4(blue), 5.8(red)	2.7/4.7	3.9 hr (red)	Monomer	pMedium-FT-N1 - Mammalian Expression pTRE-Medium-FT - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisB-Medium-FT - Bacterial Expression
Slow-FT	402(blue), 583(red)	465(blue), 604(red)	11.7(blue), 4.2(red)	2.6/4.6	28 hr (red)	Monomer	pSlow-FT-N1 - Mammalian Expression pTRE-Slow-FT - Mammalian Expression pBAD/HisB-Slow-FT - Bacterial Expression

Empty Backbones for Fluorescent Protein Fusions (Organized by Expression Species)

Organism/Expression System	Plasmids
Mammalian	Golenbock Lab Plasmids - Includes tagging with CFP, YFP, and mRFP Tsoulfas Lab Lentiviral Plasmids - Fluorescently tag your gene for lentiviral expression Verkhusha Lab Plasmids - Enhanced colors, including PSmOrange, iRFP Gradia Lab Mammalian Plasmids - Includes tagging with mCherry, mCitrine, mCerulean Davidson Lab Plasmids - Includes many N- and C-terminal fluorescent proteins
Insect	Sutherland Lab Plasmids - For multicistronic expression of GFP and/or mCherry, with neomycin cassette
Zebrafish, Sea urchin, Xenopus, and C. elegans	Hamdoun Lab Plasmids - Set includes tagging with mCherry, Cerulean, Citrine, and eGFP pPD95_75 - C-terminal GFP for C. elegans expression pHT101-mCherry - N- or C-terminal mCherry for C. elegans expression
Yeast	Thorn Lab Vectors - Includes tagging with a wide variety of colors, some specifically optimized for yeast Lindquist Lab Vectors - Gateway cloning; includes tagging with ECFP, EYFP, DsRed, Cerulean
Bacteria	Gradia Lab Bacterial Vectors - Includes tagging with mCherry, mOrange, mCerulean pET GFP - C-terminal GFP for bacterial expression Davidson Lab Plasmids - Includes many fluorescent proteins in the pBAD vector

References:

• Cranfill et al.: Nature Methods July 2016, Vol. 13(7):557-62
• Olympus Confocal: The Fluorescent Protein Color Palette
• NIC Wiki: Nikon Imaging Center at UCSF / QB3 Wiki
• FPbase: A database created by Talley Lambert at Harvard Medical School
• Zeiss Microscopy: Optical Highlighters
• NIC Wiki PSFP: Nikon Imaging Center at UCSF / QB3 Wiki
• Stepanenko et al.: BioTechniques, Vol. 51, No. 5, November 2011, pp. 313–327
• Scholarpedia: Entry by Robert Campbell
• Spectra Database: Graphing site hosted at the University of Arizona
• Shaner et al.: Journal of Cell Science, Vol. 120, December 2007, pp. 4247-4260
• Shaner et al.: Nature Methods, Vol.5 No. 6, June 2008, pp. 545-51
• Shcherbakova et al.: Journal of the American Chemical Society, May 2012, Vol. 134 No.18, pp. 7913–7923
• Hoi et al.: Chemistry & Biology, October 2013, Vol. 20 No. 10, pp.1296-304
• Kogure et al.: Nature Biotechnology, May 2006, Vol. 24 No. 5, pp.577-81
• Shcherbo et al.: Nature Methods, September 2007, Vol. 4 No. 9, pp. 741-6
• Shemiakina et al.: Nature Communications, November 2012, Vol. 3 No. 1204
• Wiedenmann et al.: Journal of Biomedical Optics, Feburary 2005, Vol. 10 No. 1, p. 14003
• Chu et al.: Nature Methods, May 2014 Vol. 11 No. 5, pp.572-8
• Yu et al.: Nature Communications, May 2014 Vol. 15 No. 5, p. 3626

| Fluorescent Proteins Index