...equivalents and see what we can learn from their evolution. Southern blotting and quantitative real-time... less expensive sequencing fuels a sequencing revolution that still prevails. Sequencing whole genomes... evolution...

...examples that have guided your resolution processes in the past. Types of Resolution There are of course many...can do it. If Party X proposes solution A, and Party Y proposes solution B, with proper guidance X and ...to create solution C. And if a conflict resolver does their job well, not only will solution C be better...realized I might have some minor skills in conflict resolution after college, when I discovered that many of...any of their disagreements. In fact, conflict resolution isn’t just about resolving conflicts between ...meant to be a comprehensive guide to Conflict Resolution. There are countless classes and resources that...Conflict Before explaining my approach to conflict resolution, it’s important to recognize that there are different...

...insertion site.   The Sleeping Beauty transposon system The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system is one...gene-of-interest, either constitutively or regulated by doxycycline. The Sleeping Beauty transposase is proving... Mates L, et al. Molecular evolution of a novel hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposase enables robust...can translocate within the genome. The Sleeping Beauty transposase gains its name from the fact that it...changes. The basic functional version of the Sleeping Beauty transposon (SB10), developed in 1997, continues...efficiencies of integrating viral vectors. New Sleeping Beauty transposase vectors Even more recently, Eric Kowarz...transposase system - one set of vectors for robust constitutive expression (pSBbi derivatives) and one set of...

...with some solutions based on what I’ve learned. I hope you can apply some of these solutions to your own...Reproducibility. The minisymposium focused on solutions to reproducibility issues in the biological sciences...of reproducibility issues and their potential solutions. Prior to this event, I gave my own talk on reproducibility...understanding how the body works, generating new therapeutics, and sometimes formulating new biological concepts...ultimately wasting both time and money. The obvious solution to this problem would be for traditional journals...issues are complicated, we have many potential solutions that could save both your lab and the entire research...

...quickly following the tried and true process of evolution. Watch this video showing bacteria evolve antibiotic...resistance genes survive and multiply. Factors contributing to the development of resistance include (Figure...before this information becomes available. For routine infections, like strep throat, testing for antibiotic... however, is fight smarter, not harder. We can utilize tactics like rotating antibiotic treatments, so...

...and highlights some of the latest breakthrough therapeutic approaches. What is Rett Syndrome? Caused by ...dysfunction, distinctive hand movements, and show autistic-like behaviors.  The role of MECP2 in Rett Syndrome...physiological levels. Much research is now focused on therapeutic strategies that use gene replacement therapy,...combined technical expertise to develop a viable therapeutic, the researchers developed adeno-associated viral... repair the mutation (Le et al., 2019). Beam Therapeutics, co-founded by Harvard Investigators and Addgene... Rett syndrome program being pursued at Vico Therapeutics, co-founded by Gail Mandel. There are numerous...

...field, let's look at how prokaryotes originally utilized CRISPR/Cas as a powerful and adaptive defense ...prokaryotes developed an adaptive immune system that utilized various cas genes not only to store a record of...proteins and PAM sequences. A total of eight evolutionarily conserved CRISPR subtypes comprised of more..., 83% of archaeal and 45% of bacterial genomes utilize this system (4). Makarova et al. grouped the systems...subtypes using polythetic classification based on evolutionary similarity (5). Type II CRISPR/Cas is the system...against invading phages. Rising to the challenge - Evolution of anti-CRISPR genes in phages The CRISPR/Cas ...

...developed today. In this post, I will highlight the evolution of the  Brainbow multicolor labeling system - ...- a perfect example of the continued utility of Cre-lox. Check out our previous blog post, Plasmids 101...highlights the trend in biology towards single-cell resolution imaging. Sanes and Lichtman endeavored to create... of stained sections, were limited due to low resolution or were very time-intensive, necessitating the...

... have taken researchers to the threshold of a revolution in modern neuroscience, an era in which technologies...26135556. Hudry, Eloise, and Luk H. Vandenberghe. "Therapeutic AAV gene transfer to the nervous system: a clinical...

....   Sleeping Beauty, a transposon system from ancient fish Surprisingly, Sleeping Beauty is not only a... “awakened from a long evolutionary sleep,” it was aptly named Sleeping Beauty (Ivics et al., 1997). We...rooms such as Groucho, Sonic Hedgehog, Sleeping Beauty, Cookie Monster, Spaghetti Squash, Tinman, and ...but also a biological transposon system. Sleeping Beauty is a synthetic transposon system that can be used... transposon system? Scientists can use Sleeping Beauty transposons as a non-viral system to integrate ...

...wages, overtime tracking? What are institutions doing? Institutions are now preparing to comply with the...resource on what institutions are actually doing (using the list of 340 institutions with postdocs in ...In 2014, 89% of institutions had a minimum salary policy: of those, 51% of institutions set their postdoctoral...should be on the lookout for what their institutions, or institutions they're thinking about applying to, ...salaries will have to double at some institutions; and that institutions which can more easily provide bridge...This post was contributed by Future of Research Executive Director, Gary McDowell. On Dec 1st, the threshold...scientists and those in technical roles. Therefore, institutions are responsible for ensuring that either all...

...were at institutions focused only on tracking hours, and 22% of postdocs were at institutions where no... of some public institutions) to cancel plans to raise salaries. What are institutions doing after the...planning unionization at their institutions. One clear message that institutions have sent, with the lack of...their institution is doing from Future of Research over social media, not from their institution), is ... contributed by guest blogger, Gary McDowell, executive director of Future of Research. On December 1st...believe that, while the mandate has been removed, institutions should still go ahead with raises, as for years...of academic stakeholders. However, while most institutions are indeed going ahead with their planned raises...

...those in eukaryotic cells. Some promoters are constitutively active and on all the time while others are...expression promoter from the human cytomegalovirus Constitutive  May contain an enhancer region. Can be silenced...expression from human elongation factor 1 alpha Constitutive  Tends to give consistent expression regardless...promoter from the simian vacuolating virus 40 Constitutive  May include an enhancer. PGK1 (human or mouse...promoter from phosphoglycerate kinase gene.  Constitutive  Widespread expression, but may vary by cell...Mammalian promoter from the human ubiquitin C gene Constitutive  As the name implies, this promoter is ubiquitous...mRNA Mammalian promoter from beta actin gene Constitutive  Ubiquitous. Chicken version is commonly used...

...of that antibody dilution. Adjust the antibody dilution until your protein dilutions are in the dynamic... get it to work well. Dilutions Most antibodies come with a recommended dilution and/or range (typically... the antibody at the recommended dilution. If the antibody dilution’s dynamic range encompasses your protein...consider a dilution range from 1:100–1:1,000. If your antibodies come from ascites fluid, try a dilution range...two types of gradients. Protein gradients use dilutions of your sample or protein of interest to understand...reassembled and imaged. In this example, a 1:1,000 dilution gives a high signal with low background. Created...running properly but you’re not seeing sufficient resolution in the bands, you may want to consult Tables ...

...low, redesign the standard curve dilution series with lower dilution factors. If the unknown sample’s ... smaller dilutions.        As mentioned above, it is a good idea to run the standard dilution series in...every run.  When setting up your dilution series, use consistent dilution factors, change pipette tips regularly...sample. For example, a BCA assay uses a serial dilution of a control protein, incubated alongside an unknown...curve? You create a standard curve by serially diluting a known control sample, called a standard. The...The ideal standard curve has at least five dilutions, with each step of the series diluted by the same ...factor. For example, Figure 1 depicts a 2-fold dilution series. Each step of the series dilutes by 1:2...

... start with a mild stripping solution and move onto a stringent solution if the mild is not effective.... pre-made stripping solutions or kits. Mild stripping The mild stripping solution uses low pH to disrupt... For the mildest stripping solution, omit the Tween 20. Once your solution is made, you’ll want to: Rinse...identify a protein of interest in a complicated solution like cell lysate. But they can be a lot of work...In this case, we recommend using mild stripping solution (see below) to minimize loss of your sample from...nitrocellulose membranes are brittle, so proceed with caution. Unlike PVDF, they can be returned directly to ...effective. You may choose to make your own stripping solution using a recipe like the ones shared by Bio-Techne...

...the glass/water interface. Super resolution microscopy Super Resolution Microscopy allows for imaging below...contrast (i.e. optical sectioning (2) or super-resolution (3). Fluorescence microscopy techniques   Fluorescent...Sheet Microscopy Light Sheet Microscopy typically utilizes a configuration of two or more objectives to create... below the diffraction (resolution) limit of a light microscope. Due to the wave nature of light, an infinitely...techniques provide a 2-10x improvement in the resolution of a light microscope (see Figure 1). What microscopy...movements. Depending on the sample, a temporal resolution on the millisecond scale may be needed. Most ...technique can be used to provide high 3D spatial resolution while also avoiding the toxic effects of high...

...prediction of therapeutic proteins. European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal...Monoclonal antibody drugs are popular therapeutics for a plethora of disease conditions, from cancer ...response. T cell epitopes are found in either the therapeutic antibody itself or as impurities in the formulation... algorithm to evaluate the immunogenicity of therapeutics in silico. These algorithms are trained on vast...in silico assessments, as well as analyze the contributing factors that in silico prediction algorithms...algorithms fail to capture. In vitro evaluation of ‌therapeutic immunogenicity is typically performed using traditional...In-vitro models for immunogenicity prediction of therapeutic antibodies. Used under CC BY fromGroell et.al...

... Types of immunotherapeutics In lieu of the cancer-immune system interactions, therapeutics have been ...therapies include radiation therapy (owing to contributions from Madame Curie), chemotherapy, and surgical...boost the activity of the immune system, the therapeutic ability of even these conventional antitumor ...proteins are one of the most commonly used immunotherapeutic agents. Currently the FDA has 12 approved ...tumors. Attempts have been made to use whole cell therapeutics consisting of various types of immune cells....cells (DCs) are particularly popular whole cell therapeutics because they can help start a sequence of immune... cells have also been tested as vaccines and therapeutics. Their uptake by DCs is increased and was shown...