...refers to a saturated solution of formaldehyde (saturated being 37%). Formalin solutions often contain methanol... a fixative. However, when PFA is dissolved in solution and heated, it depolymerizes, producing formaldehyde...formaldehyde. Often people will call the resulting solution PFA, but it’s really just formaldehyde. Formalin...polymerization of formaldehyde.  Note: Formaldehyde in solution will naturally polymerize and lose its ability...the best results if you use fresh formaldehyde solutions.  Along with preserving your sample, cross-linking...

...get online and take a look at the company or institution’s career page, where you’re likely to find current...conference or job fair, or it may be someone at your institution’s career center. Alternatively, it might even ...other graduate students and post-docs from your institution have gone, and try sending them a professional... professional development, not count on your institution, program, or adviser to do it for you. Expose...for you to attend!), exploring a job fair, and utilizing your local career development center, if one exists... exists. Get online! Review company and institution career pages. Make yourself visible on LinkedIn and...

...convergent evolution because electric organs arose in different branches of the evolutionary tree at least...freshman in college I studied development and evolution of histone genes in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus... and sperm, mix them in a tank, and observe the beauty of embryo development in real time. I was already...Breviolum minutum symbionts are important models for solutions to the coral reef crisis. I like how they are ...Chytrid fungi are useful for the study of basic evolution of fungi and eukaryotes and includes the fungus...environments so can be used study the genetic basis of evolution in immunology, neurobiology, and more. Prochlorococcus...

...2005-2023. We identified and offered a number of solutions that increased accessibility, such as using couriers...Beijing Zhongyuan 2012 China Summit Pharmaceuticals International 2013 Japan Leehyo Bioscience...country, and we can see a growth in material distribution after we partnered with them (Figure 2). In ...duration of their journey. Figure 2: Annual distribution of items to countries with a distributor. Arrows... some form of problem-solving. When universal solutions aren’t enough to ensure accessibility, partnering...formatting all 101s on a particular topic into beautifully designed and easy-to-reference eBooks. Figure...

...bioinformatics at Addgene and how our search for solutions led us to a partnership with Seqera Labs.              ...automate plasmid sequence assembly, and possible solutions for each in the form of one-off scripts or programs...how effortless it was for us to switch between executing our pipeline on a local computer or in a cloud... each week!), we already planned to use cloud computing resources. Now, we could iterate our development...criteria that we needed. Prior to using Nextflow, we routinely wrote Python scripts, queried our database with...known as channels. Since a Nextflow process can utilize any scripting language that can be executed on ...

... range of dilutions of your lentiviral prep. Hopefully, by using more concentrated dilutions you will ... and poor transductions. Cell lines should be routinely subcultured at densities that are low enough to... tissue culture-based experiment, labs should routinely test for mycoplasma contamination. There are several...complete with freely available positive controls. Routinely test your cell line for mycoplasma and discard...lots of serum from the same source. Labs that routinely produce lentivirus may want to consider testing...

...phosphatase treatment, substituting cytidine with 5-methylcytidine, and/or substituting uridine with pseudouridine...this approach is still not considered safe for therapeutic applications. piggyBac (PB) transposon: The PB...integrate into the genome and are instead lost by dilution via cell division. A drawback to this approach...safer way to express reprogramming factors for therapeutic applications. Sendai viral vectors: Sendai virus...reporter. Minicircles are removed from cells by dilution with each cell division, but it can still take...is considered a safer approach for developing therapeutic applications, but it can take a long time to ...

...drawback for therapeutic applications where longer retention times often increase therapeutic efficacy (...better tissue penetration which is useful for therapeutic and imaging applications; and reduced immunogenicity... for cancer, autoimmune, and/or inflammatory therapeutic applications. Antibody fragments such as scFvs...fragments without disulfide bonds, made by molecular evolution 1 1Edited by I. A. Wilson. Journal of Molecular...  Sandomenico A, Sivaccumar JP, Ruvo M (2020) Evolution of Escherichia coli Expression System in Producing...

...-EM to determine several structures (at < 5 Å resolution) of the linker histone H1.8 in Xenopus nucleosomes...representative micrograph (C), particle orientation distribution and Fourier-shell correlation curve (D), and...and the reconstructed 3D map with 3.1 Å global resolution (E). Figure adapted from Abe & Lim, 2024 under... determine structures at comparable or higher resolution than using more complex protective methods or...protein. While the addition of LEAs may bias the distribution of particle orientations, this could be overcome...parent antibody (N206A/8 TC Supernatant). Image attribution: James Trimmer, UC Davis.   ...

... Read about Global Plasmid Distribution Check out the List of Institutions that Deposit their Plasmids... are always taking steps to increase plasmid distribution and disseminate knowledge around the globe. .... Addgene’s progress in international distribution As you can see from the chart below, we are making ... distribution...

...not right for the development of phage-based therapeutics. After a brief stint at the venture capital ...Novophage's focus. The company went from developing therapeutics to developing phage-based tools for detecting...develop tests for food products as opposed to therapeutics 15:15 - 16:26 : Means for testing for pathogens...for Dr. Koeris to transition from developing therapeutics to developing a diagnostic? 36:53 - 38:00 : ...Advice Learn How to Be A Good Manager from Addgene Executive Director Joanne Kamens Resources on the Addgene...

... Modification. Pharmaceutics, 13(5), 750. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050750 Murlidharan, G...how a virus enters the cell. Different serotypes utilize a number of different receptors, co-receptors, ... 2013, Figure 1. Used under Creative Commons Attribution License. Within the nervous system, remember... 2019, Figure 4. Used under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.   Inducible promoters...Konishi, H. (2014). A comparative analysis of constitutive promoters located in adeno-associated viral ...

...2013). In vivo-directed evolution of a new adeno-associated virus for therapeutic outer retinal gene delivery...to Addgenies Brian O’Neill and Ina Ersing for contributing their expertise! References and resources References...epithelium after intravenous delivery by directed evolution of underexplored sites on the AAV capsid. Molecular... AAV5 Both Require Sialic Acid Binding for Hemagglutination and Efficient Transduction but Differ in Sialic...Wagers, A. J., & Sabeti, P. C. (2021). Directed evolution of a family of AAV capsid variants enabling potent...

...to light. Robert Campbell’s lab illustrates the utility of PhoCl in a variety of settings. For instance...in combination with this caging technique to beautifully demonstrate light-dependent Gal4 transcriptional...LSSmCherry1 & RDSmCherry1: Engineering and directed evolution of new RFP variants The toolbox of fluorescent...group’s PLOS ONE paper for more on the directed evolution of mCherry and the spectral properties of various...systematic examination of essential genes in vivo. Utilizing CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) technology, the ...xylose-inducible dCas9 paired with a single, unique, and constitutively expressed sgRNA targeting the 5’ end of each...CRISPR tools for plants CRISPR inhibitors Bacteria utilize CRISPR Cas9 systems to defend themselves against...

...limited by its lower resolution. The combination of this method with superresolution microscopy may improve...improve the resolution, although background signal would be a concern. Another caveat of the study is the...the sensitivity of the technique. One potential solution is SunTag, a synthetic scaffold that can be used...chromosomal loci in human cells. Ma H, Naseri A, Reyes-Gutierrez P, Wolfe SA, Zhang S, Pederson T. Proc Natl Acad...

...she started things off, “We are all capable of contributing to change.”  Check out Joanne's Reddit AMA ...of promise for science—we have powerful tools, beautiful questions, and smart scientists.  At the same ...audience to use their useful energy and to choose institutions with allies engaged in training excellence to...Incentives and Funding.  I can’t wait to see what solutions these talented postdocs will come up with to push...must do science to be happy so the beginnings of solutions can’t come too soon.  Watch the Future of Research...

...FLEx vector design Recombinase-dependent vectors utilize pairs of specific sequences, lox (recognized by...this occurs to alert the scientist to exercise caution when using them.    Figure 2. Schematic ...post-translational modifications, and other factors that AAV utilizes to gain entry into the cell (Dudek, AM. 2018)....to transduce your cells of interest. Using a constitutively expressing vector for this step may save time...0.13% respectively) still required a 200-300 fold dilution to minimize off-target expression. Since recombination...vary between every lot of AAV vector, a range of dilutions and/or injection volumes may need to be tested...

...numerical risk allowance in a statistical test. Distribution - spread of data; typically, normal (bell curve...data.     Fig. 2: Examples of data distribution profiles.   Parametric tests  Statistical... as follows:   Parametric test assumptions: Distribution – Normal Variables – Independent Variance –...assumptions for the tests described above (normal distribution, equal variance, and independent variables),...in that variance. If you want to know type of distribution you are working with, graphing data with a histogram...relative to quantiles derived from a theoretical distribution. If your data is normally distributed, it will...

... cleverly designed experiments and innovative solutions necessary for advancing the field.   What ...antibiotic resistance gene. In contrast, plasmids utilized in the lab are usually artificial and designed...gene of interest into a vector, scientists may utilize one of a variety of cloning methods (restriction...cost-effectiveness enable molecular biologists to broadly utilize plasmids across a wide range of applications. Some... viruses that can be used in research or for therapeutics Addgene has compiled various educational resources...

...operations for the coming week. In an abundance of caution we are going to go into ‘snow day mode’. That is...shut-down and the subsequent fluctuations in distribution. I don’t have space in this blog to call ...scientific community.  With the dramatic reduction in distribution, we had to figure out a way to maintain our ...especially proud to support Addgene now, when their distribution of plasmids for COVID-19 research is accelerating... cloning grade DNA service, and viral vector distribution is recovering from the pandemic-related slowdown...