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...antigenic drift.    Starr et al Cell. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.012  Starr et al Science....RBD DMS Library generation and sequencing. From Starr et al Cell., 2020. (B) Mapping antibody-escape mutations... mutations with the yeast display library. From Starr et al Science., 2021. SARS-CoV-2 infects host...cell, improving biosynthetic pathway yields by stabilizing rate-limiting enzymes. In this method, the major...gene. SlugCas9 is a compact Cas9 ortholog from Staphylococcus lugdunensis that recognizes a NNGG PAM and ...

... mostly learned through experience and from my mistakes. Here I’ll share what I wish I knew when I first...He left after a semester while the other student stayed until he graduated. Years later I attended a formal...often and clearly As a manager you need to clearly state expectations and goals. Yours and your team’s success... can be hard - but it is the best way to avoid mistakes due to miscommunication and to detect trouble....grateful for the feedback, but at least you can start making changes for the best. Positive feedback is...encourage them to speak their minds. They will make mistakes and you will take responsibility (within reason...

...outside a host cell’s genome. In this state, AAV cargo can be stably expressed in non-dividing cells for...identify new target genes for drug discovery or to understand the intricacies of molecular pathways. These ...available at Addgene. The large packaging capacity and stable expression of lentiviral vectors make them an attractive...first two steps, as no mice are involved. Ex vivo starts with transducing cells with the CRISPR library ...options involve generating strains of mice that stably express Cas effectors in specific tissues, eliminating...

...the mice, and restraint method. Many different substances can be injected, including cells, drugs, DNA,.... IV injections are used for a broad range of substances, as it circulate what is injected throughout ...technique. Intrathecal injections are used when the substance being administered must be delivered to the central...Intratracheal instillation is used to deliver substances directly to the lungs. It is an advanced technique...invasive, and only requires a pipette. Since the substances are administered through the nose, they also ... & Vasbinder, M. A. (2011). Administration of substances to laboratory animals: routes of administration...

...or looking to improve your current methods, understanding the differences can help you make an informed...relatively quick. After transfection, HEK-293T cells start producing virus within 24 to 48 hours. Harvesting...specific application. With mammalian systems, it is standard to do only one passage (transfection). This differs...can even produce a P3 virus! Time Sf9 cells will start producing virus within a day or two, but unlike ...depending on the protocol used. Plaque assays are standard but can take seven to 10 days. Commercially available...Tompkins, G. J., & McCawley, P. (1977). The establishment of two cell lines from the insectspodoptera ...

...plan and optimize your own protocols. Here we’ll start with just the first couple of steps - mainly, fixing...Fixation allows you to freeze your samples in a given state or point in time. You want to halt degradative processes... a protocol is available. When possible, try to start with conditions and reagents that have already been...for general IF protocols for your sample type. Starting with a protocol that usually works in your system...minimize the risk of it being lost from your sample, start by fixing with formaldehyde and permeabilizing with... Introduction to Performing Immunofluorescence Staining. Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer New York...

...Geobacillus stearothermophilus is more stable in human plasma than the standard spCas9 (Harrington et al. 2017...transfection (B in the figure above), are in the early stages of development. David Liu’s Lab has demonstrated...experiments may not be suitable for experiments where stable Cas9 expression is required, such as when a Cas9... little is known about the immunogenicity and stability of the Cas9 protein in the host. Indeed, research...PMC5253684. 5. Harrington, Lucas B., et al. "A thermostable Cas9 with increased lifetime in human plasma...

...the conference is usually not enough. How do you stand out from the hundreds of others that did the same... Again, attending one of these fairs is a great start, but you need to do more than just show up. Do your...that you can tailor your CV accordingly. Make it stand out with key words and by putting your most relevant... particular employer in mind, you may consider starting with indeed.com or monster.com, where you’ll find... giving you a call. Many companies enlist the assistance of recruiters for identifying appropriate job...know very well; always ask for information and establish a connection with that person before ever asking...

... a hygromycin resistance gene as the plant-selectable marker and a kanamycin resistance gene for bacterial...PAM sites change for different Cas species. For instance, the TnpB from Deinococcus radiodurans (Dra2TnpB...21 base pairs downstream of the TAM, creating staggered double-strand breaks like those created by Cas12a...reverse complement guide (see Figure 1). Perform standard phosphorylation and annealing of the two oligos...  Maher, M. F., Nasti, R. A., Vollbrecht, M., Starker, C. G., Clark, M. D., & Voytas, D. F. (2019). Plant...

...can have when starting in an academic lab. I floundered for a solid year after I started my postdoc! ...for scientists making this transition. In this installment of the Addgene career guide, we’ll think about...cloning and lentivirus production, I didn’t really start to recognize my transferable (or “soft”) skills ...you’re out of the lab to think about these--get started with our Transferable Skills Guide.     Over ...gloves again! The opportunities are there once you start looking for them. Acknowledgements Big thank you...

...depend on the host cell’s initiation proteins to start their own replication. In general, these plasmids...binding of the low-affinity versions is required to start the replication process. When enough copies of ATP-DnaA...replication and balance population growth against sustainability. Plasmid DNA replication and regulation Plasmids... the bacterial host's cell cycle, maintaining a stable concentration of plasmid. Similar to replication...near the ori and directly interacts with DnaA, stabilizing its binding and contributing to DNA unwinding...with a beneficial function (usually antibiotic resistance).  In the lab, low copy plasmids may result in...

...methods.  In terms of preparation, VSV-G is stable and can withstand ultracentrifugation which helps scientists...alpha1-3)galactosyl (alphaGal) sugars were less stable than viruses produced in cell lines that do not... from gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) are more stable (Sandrin et al., 2002). Studying a viral pathogen... Q, Liu Q, Huang W, Li X, Wang Y (2017) Current status on the development of pseudoviruses for enveloped...modified RD114 envelope glycoprotein show increased stability in sera and augmented transduction of primary ...

... an enzymatically “active” state rather than reverting to an inactive state like Cas9 or Cpf1. As a result...homology to the crRNA or presence of a PFS. This is in stark contrast to Cas9, which requires that each DNA target... to activate programmed cell death or a dormant state for bacterial cells that have been infected with... we know about its structure and function? For starters, Cas13a can be used to bind and cleave target ...LwaCas13a), using a superfolder GFP fusion to stabilize the protein in mammalian cells. LwaCas13a-msfGFP...

...coli B strain, except ** which are K12 Strain Resistance Key Features Genotype Use BL21 (DE3)   Basic...pLysE (CamR) Expression of toxic proteins BL21 star (DE3)   Lacks functional RNaseE which results in...DE3) Δ(srl-recA)306::Tn10 (TetR) Expression of unstable proteins  HMS174 (DE3)** Rifampicin RecA-deficient... hsdR(rK12- mK12+) (DE3) (RifR) Expression of unstable proteins Tuner (DE3)   Contains mutated lac ... you wait too long to induce, your culture will start collecting dead cells, and, conversely, you cannot.... The pLys plasmid contains a chloramphenicol resistance cassette for positive selection and a p15A origin...

...applications. I think these papers are good starting points to understand the contours of each topic. The video...field is simply to know where to look and how to start. There is value, then, in having a guide that curates..., podcasts, and communities to help people get started in synthetic biology. While not everything is open-access...many people will find this guide useful as they start their synthetic biology journey. And if you have...

...designing entirely new proteins, improving our understanding of how protein folding works and creating biological...nature (at least that we’ve seen so far!). They started by designing a novel topology, then iteratively...expressed, purified, and characterized it, producing crystal structures demonstrating “the structure is strikingly...possible. Although Top7 was designed simply to be stable and novel, the principles that created it have ...novo designed proteins also helped researchers understand more about the biophysics of protein folding ...

...figurines that you can stage in a lab diorama. Or maybe you want to create a stack of wrapped gifts using...picture or video for either contest on Twitter or Instagram by December 31, 2021. Let us know which contest...and the winners will be revealed on Twitter and Instagram shortly after. Have fun, be creative, and enjoy...celebrates and decorates, follow us on Twitter and Instagram as we share pictures of our decked out spaces....

...post was contributed by Shravanti Suresh from Iowa State University. Since its appearance, SARS-CoV-2 has...recommends one strategy: testing, tracking, and social distancing. With countries like South Korea, one of the ... cDNA. Isothermal amplification is done at one constant temperature, eliminating the need for thermocyclers...to our guest bloggers Shravanti Surest from Iowa State University. Shravanti Suresh is a PhD candidate ...CRISPR/Cas immune systems in the Sashital Lab, Iowa State University. She is actively interested in science... R. S., Baxter, N. J., Kosik, K. S., Arias, C., Acosta-Alvear, D., & Wilson, M. Z. (2020). A Scalable,...

...assays using non-fluorescent visualization methods. Stay tuned for a future blog post to learn more about...experimental goals. Example steps include: counterstaining, mounting sample on slides, and confocal   .... To narrow down which specific methods to use, start by reading the methods sections of papers that have...straightforward than choosing a primary, so we’ll start there. Some of the most important considerations...commentary by Uhlen, et al. 2016 is a good place to start.) Reviewing available antibodies can seem overwhelming... Introduction to Performing Immunofluorescence Staining. In: Methods in Molecular Biology. Springer New...

...domain and the N-terminus of the other domain at a distance that favors proper folding and formation of the...tend to have lower affinities, lower long-term stability, and a higher likelihood to aggregate due to their...characterization.    Figure 2: Phage display starts with a pooled library of scFvs that are displayed...between the VL and VH domains. This bond provides stability and solubility for the scFv (Gaciarz and Ruddock...are inserted into a vector encoding the antibody constant domain scaffold to convert the scFv into an antibody...disulfide bond independent folding of intrinsically stable scFv. PLoS ONE 12:e0189964 . https://doi.org/10.1371...