...research utilize light to detect, measure, and control molecular signals and cells in order to understand... genetically-encoded tools for light-activated control of proteins; e.g., microbial opsins and optical...subsets of neurons, allowing precise spatiotemporal control of these neurons by turning on and off the light...illuminated. There are several different ways to control opsin expression. Generally, the most robust and...-ChR2 mouse, where ChR2 is expressed under the control of the vesicular gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)...GABAergic neurons being activated by the light is controlled via the placement of the optic fiber. Using viral...bacterial photoreceptors to create protein systems controlled by light. These “photoswitchable” proteins offer...

...that the antibiotic resistance gene is under the control of a bacterial promoter, and is thus expressed ...strength of the promoter is also important for controlling the level of insert expression (i.e., a strong...antibiotic resistance gene (this time, under the control of a non-bacterial promoter) or a fluorescent protein...contain a reporter gene (for example, luciferase or GFP) that offers a read-out of the activity of the genetic...plasmids are sequenced with NGS during our quality control process . NGS allows us to sequence entire plasmids...

...-occurring Acr (Anti-CRISPR) proteins can help control CRISPR activity. Acr proteins have evolved in phages...LmoCas9 and SpCas9. Acr proteins can be used to control both when and where genome editing happens. CASANOVA...Dominik Niopek’s lab , is a way to optogenetically control genome editing by fusing the anti-CRISPR protein...photosensitive LOV2 domain . Several labs have also controlled Acr activity with endogenous cell-type specific...fluorescent marker like green fluorescent protein (GFP), creating a customizable DNA or RNA label for fluorescence...have also been used in in vivo RNA imaging or to control alternative splicing. Figure 13: Overview of RNA...Engineered anti-CRISPR proteins for optogenetic control of CRISPR–Cas9. Nature Methods , 15 (11), 924–927...