...Figure 1: A schematic illustration of CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches to study ncRNAs. (A) Transcription start...signal downstream of the transcription start site will terminate transcription of most of the ncRNA (Figure... coming, right? Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are transcribed but do not encode proteins. They play important...Using a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to create a double-strand break works well because very small deletions and...sequence can completely disrupt expression of the transcribed ncRNA (Jiang et al. 2014).  Simple knock-out ...lncRNA regulatory elements that are crucial for transcription and downstream function. Rather than attempting...the lncRNA locus, scientists can mutate the transcription start site, splice sites, exons, and/or promoters...

...how the brain operates. References 1. Callaway EM. Transneuronal Circuit Tracing with Neurotropic Viruses...generally are not transmitted to adjacent neurons via synapses (i.e., transmitted transsynaptically). This is ...retrograde transmission (Etessami et al., 2000, Wickersham et al., 2007). Thus, RABV transsynaptic spread ...replicate. Modified Rabies Virus: Converting a transsynaptic neuronal tracer into a monosynaptic (first order...subsequent cycles of viral replication and retrograde transmission occur, spreading the virus through higher and...higher order neural connections. While this transsynaptic spread is useful for neuronal tracing, it has...-dependent TVA to Cre-expressing neurons in a transgenic mouse line. By doing this, RABV expressing the...

...genome engineering and microbiology.     References 1. Chen, Sean, et al. "Highly efficient mouse genome...:     Cells must be amenable to transfection or viral transduction     Appropriate promoters must be...expression     The requirement for Cas9 transcription and translation delays editing What are Cas9-gRNA ... studies in cells that are difficult to transfect or transduce. While using Cas9-gRNA RNPs may require...site of interest. This is commonly performed by transfecting cells with a plasmid, such as PX459, which encodes... often be used in cells that are difficult to transfect, such as primary cells. Using RNPs can also alleviate... are detectable at high levels shortly after transfection, and are quickly cleared from the cell via protein...

... NGT PAM GAA PAM GAT PAM xCas9 3.7 41 (1) 32 (1.6) 13 (2.1) 38 (4.5) 7.2 (5.2) ...xCas9 for transcriptional regulation and base editing Hu et al. also engineered transcriptional activators...activating transcription. Sites containing NG, GAA, or GAT PAMs averaged 56-91% transcriptional activation... to create xCas9, an enzyme recognizing a broad range of PAMs like NG, GAA, and GAT, but also displaying...subunit ω. This construct is designed to activate transcription from the accessory plasmid (AP) encoding phage...could recognize a library PAM, it would induce transcription of gene III, permitting phage propagation and...spectinomycin resistance. xCas9 3.7 showed the broadest PAM range, recognizing NG, NNG, GAT, and CAA PAMs, while xCas9...

...target DNA quickly and accurately.  Figure 1: Steps in PCR reaction   This process of denaturation...separation of the two DNA strands.  Annealing- The temperature is then dropped to a range in which the forward...the primers can anneal to the single stranded DNA template strands. DNA polymerase is also stable at this...template DNA to amplify from and unique single stranded DNA primers that bind upstream (5’) and downstream... process as DNA polymerases require an existing strand of DNA to add nucleotides to.  Using these reagents...reaction:  Denaturation- To amplify DNA, the two strands of the template DNA first have to be separated....used to quantitate RNA levels using reverse transcription-qPCR (RT-qPCR). The first step of this process...

...in restraint. The very first subheading in Chapter 1 asks “What is science?” That’s a very big question... that may have warranted their own chapters, and certainly chapters that could warrant their own books..., and he wisely makes no such attempt. He is transparent about his own biases--many of which will be shared...non-scientists, Zimmer’s observations will likely range from mildly surprising to genuinely shocking. Mainstream...he describes the now infamous tale of Rosalind Franklin and her essential-but-unlauded role in the identification...within this section. The GFP story has its own Franklin in Doug Prasher, who originally isolated the GFP...science produced by the quieter, more reserved Franklins and Prashers will find it increasingly difficult...

...(RBD) of the viral spike protein.   Figure 1. (A) SARS-CoV-2 RBD DMS Library generation and sequencing... lab has created a novel nanocompartment for transporting proteins in yeast by using murine polyomavirus...2A-Synaptophysin-mRuby from Liqun Luo’s lab expresses membrane tethered GFP to enhance axonal labeling and synaptophysin-tagged...expressing GCaMP6f with this promoter. Image calcium transients in PV interneurons with AAV-S5E2-GCaMP6f are ...

...understand these strange results by digging deeply into their data.     Fig. 1: Genomic fraction...Samples are divided into those of African ancestry(orange) and those of other ancestry groups (grey). ...): 250-252. Carlson J, Henn BM, Al-Hindi DR, Ramachandran S. Counter the weaponization of genetics research...

...before you can start transducing your virus. Let’s start there!     Figure 1: Flowchart showing...optimized your transduction conditions, you’re ready to transduce! Addgene has a transduction protocol you... the pooled library is transformed into E. coli for amplification. Transformed E. coli are allowed to ...functional titering and optimize transduction efficiency. Transduction efficiency can vary with titer, ...cells to transduce, you may want to consider spinfection. Spinfection is the process of transducing cells...this post, I’ll walk you through how to prep and transduce your pooled library.  Pooled libraries Scientists...sequencing to confirm library representation. Transfection of the DNA pooled library and appropriate packaging...

...mammalian expression from human elongation factor 1 alpha Constitutive  Tends to give consistent expression...tetracycline operators. Transcription can be turned on or off depending on what tet transactivator is used. UAS...for in vitro transcription, the promoter drives either the sense OR antisense transcript depending on ...This element is responsible for initiating the transcription of your insert into RNA. In practice, the term...controls the binding of the RNA polymerase and transcription factors, therefore promoters play a large role...