...catalytically inactive form of Cas9 known as dCas9 (Jinek et al., 2012). Like Cas9, dCas9 can bind to a specific...CRISPR guide Find CRISPR plasmids by function Find recently deposited plasmids ... This system utilizes dCas9 fused to a biotinylation tag expressed on a plasmid, allowing for in vivo ...vivo biotinylation through a plasmid-based biotin ligase. Biotinylated dCas9, with bound DNA, can then be...editing, numerous discoveries have been made using the Cas9 nuclease in the absence of genomic alterations. ...which can easily be cloned into a gRNA expression plasmid. Experimental use Since the initial report describing...reported, as well as affinity purification with an anti-Cas9 antibody. These different tag systems and affinity...

...specifically, they’ve proposed to use plasmids with modified nickase Cas9 protein in order to target the specific...studying four of those rare diseases will receive plasmids from Addgene worth a total of $5000.  Lowe Syndrome...involving the primary cilia. They’ll put a variety of plasmids to work to explore the effect of various OCRL1...pluripotent stem cell (iPS) technology and CRISPR-Cas9 constructs from Addgene to gene-edit mutations into...looking at a bunch of different strategies with CRISPR-Cas9. There are so many different variants and strategies...there. This will help us acquire a lot of those plasmids so that we can try many different things in parallel..., will use GFP-ATP1A3, FLAG-ATP1A3, and ATP1B3 plasmids to explore the functional differences among mutations...

...engineered Cas9s with more flexible requirements and enhanced editing, as well as alternatives to Cas9. All ... helps scientists understand how to use CRISPR plasmids in the lab and the vast range of possibilities...resources on the Addgene blog PRIME Editing CRISPR 101: Cas9 vs the Other Cas(s) Progress Towards a PAM-free ...

...subset of the new plasmids and viral preps in the repository through our hot plasmids articles. These articles...recent plasmid deposits and we hope they'll make it easier for you to find and use the plasmids you need...highlights from recent CRISPR plasmids. To find all of the CRISPR plasmids available from Addgene, head... measure time. These plasmids with different promoters driving expression of Cas9 were used in this study...CRISPR/Cas9 constructs. zCas9i is a high efficiency intron-optimized SpCas9-coding gene. SlugCas9 is a ...Hutchinson Cancer Research Center developed a pooled plasmid library encompassing all possible amino acid mutations...anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In the library, each plasmid encodes the mutated spike protein and a barcode...

...co-conversion markers. Expanding beyond Cas9 Since the development of CRISPR/Cas9 editing methods, other Cas proteins...University of California, Santa Cruz. Emerging CRISPR/Cas9 editing technologies have transformed the palette...regulation during developmental processes, CRISPR/Cas9 allows us to delete sequences and introduce mutations...remain in the edited animal. Development of CRISPR/Cas9 editing strategies in C. elegans As brilliantly ...reported in 2017 uses the direct injection of a CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex with linear DNA as repair...determined optimal PAM orientation for editing using two Cas9 targets. An orientation where the 5’ ends of the...efficiency suggesting that sperm are more permissive to Cas9 editing (Farboud et al., 2019). Work from the Mello...

...proteins from N. crassa Split Cas9, Split Cas9 nickase, Split dCas9 Genome editing by NHEJ and HDR, repression...Photoswitchable Cas9 Richter et al., 2016 tsRC9 RsLOV from R. sphaeroides Cas9, dCas9 Gene editing ...heterodimerizing domain to each of the Cas9 fragments, the authors created a photoactive Cas9 tool, as shown in the figure...modular nature of Cas9, Nihongaki et al. showed that it was possible to swap out the Cas9 domains in their...light-activated split-Cas9 (FAST) system constitutively expresses the C-terminal fragment of Cas9 while transcription...p65 and VP64 which in turn transcribes N-Cas9. The N- and C-Cas9 fragments then dimerize to form a functional...Off Genome Editing Single-chain Cas9 photoswitches Photoactivation of Cas9 can also be achieved using single-chain...

...is a global nonprofit plasmid repository. Over 2,000 labs have deposited plasmids to Addgene and we distribute...the dramatic spread of the Cas9 technology: "The rapid adoption of the Cas9 technology was also greatly...opportunity for Addgene to present our own data on plasmid deposits and distirbution for these fast moving...distribute over 130,000 plasmids in 2014. Thus, we are in a unique position to observe and quantify how...scientific community. Data on CRISPR and synBio plasmid sharing In a recent review on CRISPR technology...trends for Zinc Finger, TALE, CRISPR, and SynBio plasmids over time. You can see these data in the slide...molecular biology technology? Have you deposited your plasmids yet?      ...

...strands bluntly with WT Cas9 and one gRNA, you can create a staggered cut using a Cas9 nickase and two gRNAs...CRISPR nickase experiment Overview of Cas9 nickase We’ll use SpCas9 nickases as examples for this post. ...By mutating one of two Cas9 nuclease domains, researchers created the CRISPR nickase. Nickases create...targeting range: using an individual gRNA with WT Cas9, repair levels decrease rapidly 10 bp from the cut...The HDR efficiency compared favorably to using WT Cas9 with the left gRNA across the window. In a subsequent... this problem. D10A nickase outperformed both WT Cas9 sites tested by a wide margin, exhibiting >20% repair...adapted from an IDT webinar: Optimized methods to use Cas9 nickases in genome editing. For more information...

...Nat Chem Biol). Mutate the PAM or sgRNA sequences Cas9 likely goes through multiple rounds of cleavage ...guarantee there won’t be re-targeting after HDR. If your Cas9 cuts in the coding region of a gene, make sure that...inhibitors to your culture media prior to and after Cas9 introduction increases HDR, just make sure to remove... promoting HR was as simple as swapping out your Cas9? It can be! Cas12a is a Cas family member which ...protein to the nuclease. Early HR factors fused to Cas9 have been shown to increase HDR frequency by committing...experiment. Also learn about Addgene’s knock-in plasmids for reagents to help you knock your knock-in experiment...019-0432-1 Mehdi Banan. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-ins in mammalian cells. J Biotechnol...

...mutagenesis of Plasmids. A) Generation of mutagenized plasmids. PCR primers (green) amplify the plasmid template... the template should be resistant to Cas9 cleavage. If a plasmid contains the template, site-directed ...critical for Cas9 cleavage), thereby rendering the resulting construct resistant to Cas9 induced cleavage...with the nuclease-resistant nicked plasmid (the PCR product). Plasmids are isolated from the resulting colonies...the final circular plasmid product pictured here. B) Screening of recovered plasmids for the mutation of...Smaller plasmids (~3 kb) are generally more efficiently amplified than larger constructs, but plasmids as ...DpnI) to eliminate the parent plasmid from the PCR products, the plasmid template should be isolated from...

...pool of lentiviral plasmids. Multiple rounds of digestion and ligation result in plasmid libraries containing...and ligation steps to build barcoded lentiviral plasmids containing one or more gRNAs. As each ligation...containing combinations of different gRNAs in each plasmid. Each gRNA combination can be tracked and quantitatively...activity and minimize off-target effects of CRISPR-Cas9." Nature biotechnology (2016). PubMed PMID: 26780180...transcriptional activation by an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 complex." Nature (2014). PubMed PMID: 25494202. ...PMC4559080. 8. Shalem, Ophir, et al. "Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in human cells." Science 343.6166..."Genetic screens in human cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system." Science 343.6166 (2014): 80-84. PubMed ...

... found led them back towards Cas9 fused base editors (nCas9-BE), as Cas9 is mechanistically more favored...also exhibited reduced Cas9-dependent off-target editing and do not cause higher Cas9-independent off-target...leading the edge of the precision gene editing. CRISPR-Cas9, the key component to enable efficient base editing...organisms and has previously been used for multiplex Cas9-nuclease editing. Typically, a single array encoding...tRNA-gRNA arrays, which is scalable and efficient in plasmid and viral vectors. In applications when repetitive...manual and online design examples of using Addgene plasmids hCtRNA_FT (#186715) and hCtRNA_VT (#186716).   ...would independently generate multiple gRNAs for nCas9-BE, or any other kinds of CRISPR tools, without ...

...of a homologous donor (e.g., sister chromatid, plasmid, etc.), and consists of three pathways: classical...Homology directed repair and genome engineering CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized the genome engineering world ...the gRNA/PAM site remains intact. In other words, Cas9 will keep cutting and repairing your target DNA ...disrupted in the donor. Choosing a type of donor: plasmid, oligo, double or single stranded? The size of ...longer than 200 bases can be difficult, thus dsDNA plasmids are generally preferred for large insertions such...between 500-1000 bps. HDR efficiency with circular plasmid templates is generally low; to increase the frequency...edits, researchers have designed self-cleaving plasmids that liberate the targeting region from the vector...

.... pyogenes Cas9 in the ABE complex with PAM-variant Cas9 proteins: the S. pyogenes NG-Cas9 (PAM: NG) to...constructs using a catalytically “dead” S. pyogenes Cas9 (dC9-ABE8.x-m/d). The dC9-ABE8.x-m/d constructs ...frequency more than 90% compared to ABE7.10. Choosing Cas9 proteins to increase the targeting scope of adenine... base editors The most commonly used S. pyogenes Cas9 requires the target site in the genomic DNA to contain... to create NG-ABE8.xm/d and the S. aureus Cas9 (PAM: NNGRRT) to create Sa-ABE8.x-m/d. With these variants...frequency over ABE7.10. The ability to use non-standard Cas9 in the ABE8 complexes enables a broader targeting...effects. ABEs can be introduced into cells as a plasmid or as mRNA constructs. In primary human cells mRNA...

...surprise then that stability of the RNA used in CRISPR-Cas9 experiments – the “gRNA” – suffers from the same...still effectively serving their function of guiding Cas9 to generate a targeted break. These advances in ...modifications The recognition sequence for CRISPR-Cas9 targeting is led by a ~20 bp gRNA which is part ...trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) which interacts with the Cas9 protein. These RNA molecules are vulnerable to attack...partially DNA gRNA is surprisingly well-tolerated by the Cas9 protein and can increase on-target efficiency. In...modifications listed above were developed before CRISPR-Cas9, for use in applications like siRNA and antisense...On-off switches for gRNAs A major drawback of CRISPR-Cas9 technology is that most expression systems are constantly...

...would be compatible with CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Although CRISPR/Cas9 is all the rage, they had another... method and its potential applications to CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.   Protein-only transduction? Niels...expression. Image courtesy of Diego D'Astolfo. CRISPR/Cas9: a potential application of iTOP Having tested iTOP...expression has a long-lasting effect, such as Cre- or Cas9-mediated recombination. Both primary hESCs and immortalized...cells treated with iTOP efficiently took up both Cas9 protein and a gRNA (yes, iTOP can also be used for... indicating that iTOP may be valuable for CRISPR/Cas9 stem cell editing. The small molecule NSDB... elements of iTOP. iTOP can be used to transduce Cas9 and a gRNA, which subsequently enter the nucleus...

...indicates that like GeoCas9 and ThermoCas9, IgnaviCas9 is a type II-C Cas9. IgnaviCas9 is most similar to...thermostable Cas9 enzymes have previously been characterized: GeoCas9 from the Doudna lab and ThermoCas9 from ...Find IgnaviCas9 here! What can you do with IgnaviCas9? Why would a thermostable Cas9 be useful? It can enable...launched in the Quake Lab. Identifying IgnaviCas9, a hyperthermostable Cas9 This year it was wonderful to learn... Ignavibacteriae phylum genome. IgnaviCas9 is a hyperthermostable Cas9 CRISPR nuclease that is active ... our CRISPR blog posts Read about GeoCas9, another thermostable Cas9 Resources on Addgene.org Read our... to a type II-C Cas9 from Parvibaculum lavamentivorans, whose optimal growth temperature is 30°C. Find...

.... Find CRISPR plasmids at Addgene! Knock-in: Introducing tags or stop signals Once Cas9 generates double-strand...powerful tools. CRISPRi uses a nuclease-dead Cas9 protein (dCas9) and a sgRNA to temporarily block the transcription...protein-coding genes thanks to systems like CRISPR/Cas9 that allow them to manipulate full genes and observe...system that can be tweaked to target ncRNA. CRISPR/Cas9 techniques and targeting methods Knock-out: Targeting...Targeting short vs. long ncRNAs The CRISPR/Cas9 system is often used to knock-out, or permanently disable... Figure 1: A schematic illustration of CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches to study ncRNAs. (A) Transcription...CRISPR systems for targeting ncRNAs While CRISPR/Cas9 has proven to be an extremely useful system for ...

...off-target editing based on Cas9 off-target activity.  Find CRISPR base editing plasmids at Addgene Improving..., a base editor containing high fidelity Cas9 variant HF-Cas9 (Rees et al., 2017). HF-BE3 showed 37-fold...other methods. In a head-to-head comparison with Cas9, Cas9 modified 9/12 known off-targets with a 14% indel...individual Cas9. They also mutagenized the cytidine deaminase portion of the base editor to create SpCas9 base...et al., 2020 SpRY Cas9, available fused to ABEmax(7.10) or to BE4max   Evolved SpCas9 with NRN or NYN PAM... 1.1%. These numbers are a vast improvement over Cas9-mediated HDR for the loci tested, where average ...using a cytidine deaminase from sea lamprey fused to Cas9 nickase (Nishida et al., 2016). Target-AID acts ...

...report. A scientist working in China was using CRISPR/Cas9 in an attempt to create gene-edited babies. Several...valid critiques being offered of He’s work: CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing is not far enough along, scientifically...research published on December 13 shows us, CRISPR/Cas9 techniques are continually being refined; it is ...an embryo—even if it’s not necessarily via CRISPR/Cas9. This leaves us with the second critique. Absent...agreed-upon international moratorium on utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 in humans. This topic was to be revisited at meetings...emerging technology. We could do this for CRISPR/Cas9 – or any other germline editing technique—too. As...not “what is the translational pathway for CRISPR/Cas9 research” but whether or not we will stop shuffling...