...preferentially in which organisms - organisms have codon usage bias. You can find many codon tables showing which...find out!   Why do organisms have different codon usage biases? The reasons for varied codon preferences...levels under different conditions. With varied codon usage, an organism can change which proteins are highly...enzymes (Dittmar et al., 2005). How does codon usage bias affect my experiments? While codon preferences...fragments respectively. Solving the problem of codon usage bias - codon optimization and the expression of ...expression is enhanced by harmonizing the codon usage frequencies of the target gene with those of the... This review provides a great overview of codon usage bias 8. Tuller, Tamir, et al. "Translation efficiency...

...synthetic biology, biosecurity, and the entire 2018 saga of “what’s happening in genetics this time?” She...

... Addgene blog Read more codon usage bias in Plasmids 101: Codon usage bias Read more about plasmids in...others for certain amino acids. This is termed codon usage bias. In fact, some species are known to avoid certain...organism in another? Let’s take a look at codon usage and when you might want to optimize codons for expression...expression in a particular organism. Why is codon usage important? Translation and protein synthesis relies...adaptation index (CAI) that is based on the codon usage frequency in a reference of highly expressed genes...1987). In 2000 the Ikemura lab created the Codon Usage Tabulated from GenBank database (CUTG), that provides...provides an electronic dataset for codon-usage of 257,468 genes across 8,792 organisms (Nakamura et al....

...containing the passage number, cell line, and date, which you complete each time you passage the cells (as...in culture for an extended period of time (>10 passages or >3 months). Other times cell lines are unavailable...recordkeeping, you need to have a way of tracking how many passages the cells have undergone and when to throw them...away and thaw a new batch. The exact number of passages can vary between cells lines, as this can be dependent...but it is broadly recommended that the lower the passage number the better for experiments. This is to ensure... and thawed to produce a new batch once you’ve passaged your current batch too many times or you suspect...purchased, keeping all experiments carried out on low passage cells and this means you can regularly discard ...

...conflict can lead to people disagreeing with each other just for the sake of disagreeing. It can be extremely...that email should have been a Slack message? Or that Slack message should have actually been a meeting...have considered myself neutral in any of their disagreements. In fact, conflict resolution isn’t just about...teams can’t see eye to eye on something and a disagreement festers, it can lead to hurt feelings, low morale...teams who normally get along well with each other disagree about a specific decision, direction, or goal.... around missed tasks, stalled projects, and disagreements over prioritization. The source of those conflicts...people, especially people with whom you strongly disagree, is a critical component of conflict resolution...

...folks at Transposagen. This post was contributed by Amar Singh and Mathew Goodwin from Transposagen What ...Mathew Goodwin from Transposagen! Dr. Amar Singh is a Senior Scientist at Transposagen. He has a long-standing...excision-only piggyBac™ transposase. Image courtesy of Transposagen.   How does piggyBac™ enhance gene editing...by excision-only piggyBac™. Image courtesy of Transposagen.   How does the piggyBac™ gene editing ...years of research experience with stem cells to Transposagen's cell engineering team.     Mathew Goodwin is... is a Technical Sales Specialist at Transposagen. As a gene editing enthusiast, he has spent over 6 years... transposagen...

...to track samples Keep track of passage numbers Keep an eye on the passage number. Cells change their growth...and it takes them time to recover after they are passaged. This could change their growth rates and morphology...instead of ‘borrowing’ cells that have already been passaged many times and could be contaminated.Learn how...growth rate and morphology at high passage numbers (>30-40 times), depending on the cell line so old cells...! Conversely, cells younger than the 3rd – 4th passage are too young and should not be used for important...experiments right after they’ve been thawed. Additional passages will allow your cells to achieve a consistent ...name, date, the cell line you’re using and its passage number. Especially in a lab where multiple people...

...chosen to hide it). While most people use LinkedIn messaging, not everyone likes to. A direct email can be ... appreciate random requests without a personal message and they may report you as spam or “I Don’t Know...the connection, as these notes are saved in the messaging stream. Unfortunately, LinkedIn has spam profiles...You can change the option for sending LinkedIn messages to Click Send instead of Press Enter to Send. ...

...the option to “Leave us a message.” When you click on the "Leave us a message" button shown to the right...all. But while the auto-reply telling you your message was received is a nice touch, it doesn’t help much...

...or natural? The answer to this lies in the codon usage biases of different organisms. Different species...not express well because of these different codon usage biases. But if a gene’s sequence was “optimized”... about synthetic biology Learn more about codon usage biases Resources on Addgene.org Check out Addgene's...

...that you can use to get your message across. It helps keep your messaging and your expectations of your...consistency, purpose, structure, and intent to the messaging - while also creating space for people outside...

...initial paper, we used MUCICAT to optimize the gene dosage of glucose dehydrogenase and generated a strain...higher cargo copy numbers. (D) The effect of gene dosage on N-acetylglucosamine concentration. Image from...construct a strain library with different gene dosages to facilitate swift optimization of strains. Multiple...

...event from the company’s perspective, focus on the message and to keep it short. Soon, discussing with strangers...ResearchGate allow you to send personal updates as messages and keep you up-to-date on your collaborators’...and is much more effective than simply sending a message asking how things are going. Science careers where...

... be cultured and expanded in vitro for several passages to produce an adequate number of starting cells...of virus-free hiPSCs usually require about 5-10 passages. Furthermore, working with Sendai virus requires...reduces biosafety concerns involved in production and usage of Sendai virus. Reprogramming efficiency of PBMCs...

... culture post thaw. In general, the higher the passage number of a culture the lower the transfection ...transduction efficiencies. Cultures should only be passaged 20-30 times before discarding and thawing a fresh...Type Culture Collection and freeze as many early passage vials as possible. One problem that often plagues...

...search and navigation, while also updating brand messaging, as well as simplifying the page, and making it...radically redesign our homepage to reflect this message. We concentrated on what our homepage actually ...

...viewed by clicking on the links in the "Agree" and "Disagree" columns found in the Reagent Resources table ...upload supporting documentation that agrees or disagrees with the recommendation. The goal is to easily...

...with. My inbox currently stands at about 65,000 messages and dealing with email can be half of my day sometimes...translation of results to companies.” Take home message Starting a lab can be a challenging process. Each...

...can propagate faster than the rate of dilution (passage from the infected to a fresh uninfected host cell...phage progeny is not diluted out but gets manually passaged from an infected host-cell culture to an uninfected...

...like cell phone networks. Protein kinases deliver messages to the next members of their pathways, but where...their signals last all impact transduction of the message. To study signaling pathways, scientists frequently...