...directly interchangeable. If you need to convert between the two, use a conversion calculator or chart like...

...chromosomal DNA. Although they can be found in archaea and eukaryotes, they play the most significant ...amplified) by bacteria, which is an important characteristic of why plasmids are convenient and easy to ...scientists to study gene function as well as identify changes or mutations that may cause certain diseases. Sequencing...termed Sanger sequencing, sometimes referred to as chain-termination sequencing or dideoxy sequencing. To...

...two-part Gibson reaction if you're only making a small change in a plasmid (such as point mutations). Generate...or follow manufacturer's instructions. You can purchase master mix or make your own. Transform bacteria...

...and γ-retroviral packaging plasmids are not interchangeable. General envelope plasmids, such as VSV-G, ... vice versa. Envelope plasmids may be used interchangeably. For more information about lentivirus, please...

...transcription actually begins. Only eukaryotes and archaea, however, contain this TATA box. Most prokaryotes...an inducer molecule binds to the repressor, it changes its conformation, preventing its binding to the...

... Edit Generate a specific user-defined sequence change in a particular gene, such as generating a point...constitutively expressed exons, which reduces the chances that the targeted region is removed from the mRNA...

...Design a Primer You may also like... Polymerase Chain Reaction Plasmid Cloning by PCR Agarose Gel Electrophoresis...

... culture for DNA purification will minimize the chance of having a mixture of plasmids in your purified...

... a short stretch of DNA to a plasmid, such as: Changing a Multiple Cloning Site (MCS) Adding short tags...

...primers that can be requested for no additional charge. What primers were used by Addgene during quality...

... restriction digest. Equipment Electrophoresis chamber Pipetman Pipet tips Reagents Liquid DNA aliquot...

...After incubation, check for growth, which is characterized by a cloudy haze in the media (see right). Notes...

...concentrations of insert, thereby increasing your chances of success. Set up a vector only control with water...

...restriction enzymes Watch the Video! Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Basic PCR protocol with tips and ...

...disposal, commonly done with an autoclave. Only mechanical pipetting should be done in the laboratory. Don...

...the rest on a second plate. This gives the best chance of getting single colonies, while allowing you ...

...plasmid or simple template, there is very little chance for mis-priming, so you can use a pretty wide range...

...should not serially propagate your virus as the chance of recombination events creating replication-competent...

...are naturally produced by certain bacteria and archaea, cleave double stranded DNA (dsDNA) at specific...

...activity, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a blue light-activated cation channel, from the archaebacteria Chlamydomonas...light, this channel activates neuronal activity by opening and allowing positively charged ions to rapidly.... Light-gated ion channels directly open and close when exposed to light and change the membrane potential...receptor or pathway.  Light-gated ion channels Light activated ion channels (rhodopsins) either excite or inhibit... range of wavelengths. Excitatory channels allow positively charged ions such as Na+, K+, and Ca++ to ...Tichy et al., 2019), photoswitchable tethered ligands (PTL), and photoswitchable, orthogonal, remotely-tethered...with each light source used.   Channel and activation kinetics Some channels turn on and off very rapidly...