...is composed of single stranded DNA, which is particularly well suited for strand invasion, a key step ... are then packaged into AAV virions via transient transfection of 293T cells with helpers, and used to...non-sequence specific frameshift mutations through aberrant double strand break repair, it has proven more challenging...identical targeting vectors delivered through transfection of naked DNA. Other investigators who had been...AAV-based gene editing via the introduction of a double strand break by using a targeted nuclease. Asuri et al...

...emphatically deny that I have a magic formula to guarantee a reader the faculty job of his/her dreams. There...currency of scientific success is publications and grants. 2. Write succinct and easy to understand documents...years. You will discuss the focus of your first grant, how you will overcome certain obstacles, alternative...sentences) What will be the focus of your first grant? (1-2 sentences) Simply stated, what are your...It's not about you and how you will finally be granted the faculty position you have craved since grad...how YOU will fit into a department and bring in grants. What kind of colleague will you be? Do you understand...takes to be successful in running a lab, getting grants, and writing papers? This means that once you get...

...dopamine (DA), a well-known reward chemical and neurotransmitter. But aside from DA’s famous role as the “happy...standard method of measuring DA and other neurotransmitters in the brain has been in vivo microdialysis...performed with a probe surrounded by a semipermeable membrane, which is inserted into the region of the brain...passive diffusion of DA across the semipermeable membrane from the extracellular fluid into the perfused... to a threatening looming stimulus in vivo in transgenic zebrafish Report DA release in live mice over...developments in the detection and measurement of neurotransmitters in various species and while exhibiting complex...Dopamine-sensitive adenyl cyclase: possible role in synaptic transmission." Science 174.4016 (1971): 1346-1349. PubMed...

...bound to anything? Is it a transmembrane protein, or is it know to translocate or fold in certain conditions...as part of performing a specific function. A transmembrane protein that is being used as a marker for flow...cell, instead of when it is attached to a cell membrane.  Picking the Right Antibody  It can get even ...looking for a protein of interest while it’s in a transition state or specific configuration. So how do you...

...reverse transcribe their gRNA into DNA, which is then transcribed into mRNA before being translated into ...genome types that can be either double stranded (ds) or single stranded (ss) (ie, dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, positive... of virus. RNA genomes can be transcribed into mRNA, directly translated into proteins, or, in the case...

...factors that could be transferred between cells. At the time, these extranuclear agents of heredity were...was proposed a few years later by Élie Jacob and François Wollman and became the widely adopted name for...-factors. Like F-factors, R-factors could be transferred between bacteria via cell-to-cell contact; however...pSC102, with EcoRI and selected for E. coli transformants that were resistant to both. When this proved...Chizuko Ogata, and Sachiko Sato. “EPISOME-MEDIATED TRANSFER OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN ENTEROBACTERIACEAE VIII:...PubMed Central PMCID: PMC314833. Datta, Naomi. “Transmissible Drug Resistance in an Epidemic Strain of Salmonella...

...field is a series of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based calcium biosensors. Perhaps most ...developed and published in 2010 for visualizing the transcription factor cAMP-responsive element-binding protein...really important and when? That is not known.” Transition Metals Maarten Merkx of Technische Universiteit...particularly for the intracellular imaging of transition metal ions, such as zinc, copper, and iron. “...the sensors involves plenty of trial and error. Transition metals also present challenges in that they are... way to make a FRET sensor with a large dynamic range,” he says. Merkx recently applied this “trick” to...red-shifted FRET sensor for zinc using variants of mOrange2 and mCherry as donor and acceptor domains. He ...

...contamination from uncut plasmid. 4. Transformation Transform your ligation reaction into your bacterial...perform, at minimum, two transformations after a ligation: 1. Control Transformation containing the ligation... how many colonies you should expect in the transformation due to background re-circularization and contamination...competent cells. For most standard cloning, you can transform 1-2μl of your ligation reaction into competent...ligation mixture with backbone alone; 2. Transformation containing ligation mixture with insert and backbone...conduct a positive control to ensure that your transformation worked. You should also verify that you are...

... seems straightforward: E. coli bacteria are transformed with the library DNA, they grow and replicate... Each Addgene library has its own depositor transformation and amplification protocol, but the overall...Maintain representation of the library during transformation First, use enough DNA and competent bacteria...and we use electroporation to ensure a good transformation efficiency. For a typical library, Addgene ...growing the cells on solid plates, where each transformant forms its own colony, uninfluenced by the growth...concern, but Addgene still recommends plating the transformation mixture on solid media. The colonies are then...that were amplified preferentially). You can also rank the plasmids by abundance, scaled to 1, to create...

...more detailed level, the Gal4/UAS system is a transcription activation system co-opted from yeast (1). It...workhorse to turn genes on or off. Gal4 is a transcriptional activator that binds to UAS enhancer sequences...sequences found in DNA. It then recruits transcription machinery to the site to induce gene expression. Thus...reads “#” as a “pound symbol”. References 1. A. H. Brand, N. Perrimon, Targeted gene expression as a means...15262411. 4. T. D. Southall, D. A. Elliott, A. H. Brand, The GAL4 System : A Versatile Toolkit for Gene ...Lai, T. Lee, Genetic mosaic with dual binary transcriptional systems in Drosophila., Nat. Neurosci. 9, 703...The Q system: a repressible binary system for transgene expression, lineage tracing, and mosaic analysis...

...responses are varied; one outcome is directed transcription from a given promoter. To harness the power ...the RR (OmpR) via phosphorylation, promoting transcription (see figure below). Subsequent exposure to red...response regulator via phosphorylation, promoting transcription of a GFP reporter. Subsequent exposure to red...activity persisted in the inactive state. The dynamic range, defined as the difference between the lowest and... reduced system leakiness and increased dynamic range to around 100-fold. These improvements will allow...Applications of these systems The large dynamic range of these systems ensures that they can be used with...types of proteins, including Cas9 and dCas9-transcription factors, for which low expression levels are...

...Wondering how you can develop more transferable skills? See Developing Transferable Skills During Science Training...of the University of British Columbia. When transitioning from an academic science career path to a non-academic...advantage over other candidates. Write about your transferable skills Some of the skills you developed might...research. For example, did you help put together a grant application? Are you familiar with the publishing...have presented in some public lectures? These transferable skills could be meaningful for your potential...Originally on track for a research career, she transitioned into a communications role instead after she...

...codon, which is then transfected into the desired cells. A hybrid mRNA transcript containing luciferase...luciferase, usually serves as an indicator of transcription within cells, where detection of the reporter...Higher Lower Background Lower Higher Post-translational Modification Not Required Required Photobleaching...regulatory elements, such as promoters, enhancers and untranslated regions, or the effect of mutations of these...as the most efficient means to disrupt the cell membrane and deliver the substrate; however, secreted luciferase...luciferase and the gene of interest permits translation of functional luciferase, until miRNA target and degrade...

...synaptic transmission. Cleavage of VAMP2 renders it inactive, thus inhibiting neurotransmitter release....Plasmids podcast Light-mediated block of synaptic transmission Article contributed by Klaus Wanisch  Listen...enable VAMP2 cleavage, and suppresses neuronal transmission within minutes. Constructs using the photodimerizer...utility of light-mediated suppression of synaptic transmission in brain slices from mouse, and showed that ...recognized as important regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression across the majority of cellular...an unregulated fashion and thus a marker for transfection. The other (mKate2) is regulated in the 3’ UTR...

.... elegans. These dsRNAs target specific mRNA transcripts for degradation. Despite how easy these experiments...often completely ineffective or results in low penetrant phenotypes that are hard to study. To overcome...target gene between two inverted T7 promoters. Transcription from each promoter progresses past the specific...podcast segment A fundamental approach to studying membranes, organelles, and other subcellular compartments...enzymes function across a much broader temperature range than BioID, which only functions optimally at 37...and C. elegans.   Find the TurboID plasmids here! Branon et al. Nat Biotechnol. 2018 PubMed PMID: 30125270...This tetramer cleaves chlorophenol red-b-D-galactopyranoside on the assay paper turning it purple, allowing...

...brightness When a dish of mammalian cells is transiently transfected with a plasmid containing a fluorescent...fluorescent proteins, e.g. see Chudakov et al (2010), Cranfill et al (2016) or Thorn (2017). However, the theoretical...developed in our lab uses a reference protein that is translated from the same open-reading frame and separated...reference protein) under identical conditions, a ranking of the practical brightness can be made (Goedhart...repeating this with another fluorescent protein, a ranking of practical brightness can be made. This strategy...the comparison of the practical brightness of two orange fluorescent proteins, differing by only a single...

...the filament from (a-b), showing the appearance and disappearance of 649-mDia1 or 549-CP (upper, middle...takes is a bit of chemistry magic to produce a wide range of useful molecules linked to that substrate. If... with SiR-CA (magenta) and outer mitochondrial membrane labeled with SNAP-OMP25 with Atto590-BG (green...separately with different dyes. b) mDia1 and CP appearance at the filament tip from (a). c) Intensity traces... probes are not very good at crossing the cell membrane. So, you should investigate your options and weigh...are typically 230–250 aa. Smaller size isn’t a guarantee that a tag won’t disrupt the function of the target...https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth749 Strebinger, D., Frangieh, C. J., Friedrich, M. J., Faure, G., Macrae, R...

...Cas9 fused to the reverse transcriptase (RT), which induces two double-strand breaks and deletes the intervening...They further develop a version of SEND for gene transfer with pseudotyped viral particles, expanding options...enzyme from the Liu lab to target opposite DNA strands and specify a large intervening deletion. Not only...deletions and introduce epitope tags and RNA transcription start sites. The lab further demonstrated that...uses paired pegRNAs targeting complementary DNA strands to program large genomic deletions with or without...PEDAR is capable of correcting larger genomic rearrangements as demonstrated in a mouse model of tyrosinemia...

... has recently published techniques to follow translation in living single cells. However, before CRISPR-Cas9...the Max Planck Institute for Brain Research in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. She presented a novel technology...to be invited to learn from them at the MPI in Frankfurt am Main and perform similar experiments. Visualizing...Both antibodies have a short antibody specific DNA strand added to them. Only if the proteins of interest...are in close proximity to each other can the DNA strands take part in rolling circle DNA amplification. ...microscope she likes to travel, discover new restaurants, go to concerts and bake. you can contact her...neurons reveals a mechanism for regulating its translatability." Science 343.6169 (2014): 419-422. PubMed ...

...their mutations corrected, and the T-cells were transferred back into the infants. Almost all patients have...repertoire (1). In this example, it was possible to transduce the T-cells outside the body and thereby correct...techniques may hold the key. In the simplest form, translating gene therapies from conceptual design to clinical...that carries a small, approximately 4.7 kb single stranded genome. AAV belongs to the family Parvoviridae...AAV vectors are also capable of infecting a wide range of cell types including but not limited to muscle...disease-associated mutations. AAV vectors maintain persistent transgene expression over many years in postmitotic, long-lived...targeting and enhances endonuclease delivery for double-strand break repair." Gene therapy 17.9 (2010): 1175-1180...