...format of some transcriptional activators: that the DNA binding domain (DBD) and transcriptional activation...flurry of discovery in the field of eukaryotic transcriptional activation and cell biology. During this period... regardless of whether it interacts with a transcriptional activator (1a) or a repressor (1b). Scientists...interactions. In later years, improvements to yeast transformation protocols also helped establish the yeast two-hybrid...reporters and some that repress instead of activate transcription. The HIS3 reporter system (e.g. the Gateway-...even possible to have Y2H systems that avoid transcriptional reporters altogether; In the split-luciferase...group of prey fusions can either be generated using random genomic fragments from the organism of interest...

...cells in vitro. I transduced the cultured cells with a virus that encodes a transgenic protein for the ...having a separately expressed transduction reporter is that not every transduced cell will necessarily manage...the transgenic protein. We don't know yet how abundantly CD45 will be expressed on the transduced cells...panel to analyze transduced HEK 293T cells. Here, we looked at both the transduction efficiency and the...emission. The visible color spectrum is located in a range of wavelengths of about 380–700 nm. Photons of lower...electrons of a fluorophore, they can do so at a range of wavelengths, rather than at just one defined ...Likewise, the emitted photons also appear within a range of wavelengths. For that reason, we speak of excitation...

...  AAV8 AAV8 has high transduction efficiency in multiple tissues, rapid transgene expression, and can ...undergo retrograde transport, traveling up the axon to the cell body and driving transgene expression (Tervo... S. (2013). Analysis of transduction efficiency, tropism and axonal transport of AAV serotypes 1, 2, 5...vitreous. Science Translational Medicine, 5(189), 189ra76. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3005708 Goertsen...N-linked sialic acids1 AAV receptor2   AAV2 Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)3 AAV receptor (not ...good choice for targeting neurons, with high transduction frequencies in the central nervous system (CNS...Asokan, et al., 2006). AAV1 has also been found to transduce skeletal muscle, cardiac, and retinal cells (Issa...

...delivery include plasmid transfection, RNP electroporation, and viral transduction; but these methods aren...they can then fuse with the target cell membrane, and transfer their CRISPR cargo into the zygote. As ...Repair (HDR), CRISPR activation or repression, transgenic mouse line creation, and in vivo gene editing... non-replicative. Nanoblades are produced by transfecting the following four components into 293T cells...spontaneously assemble into particles at the cell membrane. Mature Nanoblades then bud into the cell culture... can also deliver Cas9 variants, such as a transcriptional activator dCas9-VPR, if these variants are ...Rless glycoprotein (BaEVRless) had high rates of transduction for most cell types they tested. Interested ...

...paternal grandmothers early food supply influenced cardiovascular mortality of the female grandchildren." BMC...histone modifications, which can influence the transcription of genes by RNA polymerase II, or by the addition...methylcytosine in CpG islands makes  genes less transcriptionally active. The role of epigenetics in studying...to play a large role in a variety of diseases, ranging from cancer, to diabetes, to congenital disorders...isolated population in Sweden found that paternal grandfathers who had experienced famine before their adolescence...adolescence passed on a heritable trait to their grandsons that decreased their likelihood of death from ...of death from diabetes. Conversely, paternal grandmothers who experienced famine while still in their ...

...genes from a single transcript, or if you want to prevent read-thru transcription from resulting in the...developing a general translation initiation sequence known as the Species-Independent Translational Sequence (SITS...institution, you can order plasmids covering a wide range of fields from Addgene. What you might not know ...extensive sequences used for cloning into the final translated products. Negative selection markers built into...multidrug efflux pump by novel and powerful pyranopyridine derivatives." Proceedings of the National Academy...3509-3514. Tikhonova, Elena B., et al. "A transcription blocker isolated from a designed repeat protein...of which you can clone your gene of interest. Translation of the standardized leader peptide prevents secondary...

...non-target strand. The helicase domain is then activated, and Cas3 begins unraveling the double-stranded DNA ...cleaving the ssDNA strands. In this way, Cas3 eats away at both the non-target and target strands by making cuts...every so often. Cutting both strands ensures that there isn’t a template strand left behind that the cell... regions on the non-target strand. Occasional cleaving of the target strand is not as well understood ...bypassed by leaving out Cas3 — a tactic some CRISPR transposase systems utilize with type I-F Cascades. ... section for details). The newly formed single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is then pulled through Cas3. After...implies — after nicking, Cas3 reels in the non-target strand of DNA much like a fisherman would reel in a big...

...which cleaves one strand of DNA upon binding the protospacer. The resulting double strand break (DSB) stimulates...two catalytic domains, HNH and RuvC, cleave DNA strands complementary and non-complementary to the gRNA... binds the target site, but does not cut either strand of DNA. Traditional Cas9 regulators In addition... then be fused to effector domains such as transcriptional activators or repressors. These fusion proteins...loci within a single cell. One might imagine transfecting cells with both the nuclease-positive and nuclease-null...Consequently, fewer genetic tools for targeted transcriptional and epigenetic regulation have been validated...inexpensively generate a potent Cas9-based transcriptional regulator without making any functional changes...

...AdV-mediated transduction of gRNA:Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes into transformed and non-transformed cells...(right) are transduced to target cells. Within target cells, Cas9 machinery is transiently expressed and... viruses. Adenoviruses are non-enveloped double-strand DNA viruses with a genome of around 36 kb in size...left), a fragment is deleted from two homologous strands of DNA through error-prone non-homologous end joining...other viral vectors, AdVs can provide a large transgene packaging capacity. For instance, with a packaging...disruption frequencies in the various cell types ranged from 18% to 65% (Maggio et al., 2014). An alternative... to provide a DNA template to repair the double strand break via homology directed repair and you would...

...summary per batch. Ranking guides for HDR in-depth In other tools, guides are ranked by specificity of ...genome by eye. We came up with a ranking formula that does just this: Rank = (compressed CFD score) * (gaussian...interactions (e.g., scores >80) are transformed to 100. This transformation (illustrated in the graph below...CFD scores (which range between 0 and 100) are then converted to a weight (which ranges between 0 and 1)...These values (ranging from -40 bp to 40 bp) are also converted to a weight (which ranges between 0 and...employs biological best practices. For example, it ranks guides by CFD score, and it mutates HDR donor templates...cut-to-insert distance) This gives each guide a score ranging between 0 and 1. The cutting frequency determination...

...contacts that bring apposing membranes together and can wrap the membranes into stacked structures including...dimerization.   1. Transmembrane fluorescent protein fusions Transmembrane proteins, i.e. receptors...receptors and transporters, are integrated into lipid bilayers. Fusion of an FP to a transmembrane protein significantly...Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP/EGFP) for a transcriptional reporter or as a general cytoplasmic label ...making FPs monomeric, yet many investigators remain ignorant of FP dimerization. Equally problematic, several...they cannot tumble in 720°, i.e. they are on a membrane or in an organelle, then their effective concentration...dimerizing fluorescent proteins is illustrated. 1) Membrane proteins fused to FPs that dimerize can form dynamic...

...activation of transcription in bacteria by co-opting σ54-based transcription. Transcription from σ54 promoters...enables researchers to maximize the chance of transducing a only a single gRNA per cell. The viral DNA ...genomic DNA. However, some cell types are poorly transduced by lentivirus, and thus screening with available...not possible. Primary murine T cells cannot be transduced by lentivirus and have been difficult to manipulate...Yusa Lab. This retroviral library was used to transduce T helper type 2 (Th2) cells from mice that constitutively...screening of cells that are refractory to lentiviral transduction, now enabling forward genetic screens in cells...they develop rapidly, they are small, and their transparency allows for whole organism imaging. They created...

...changing its double-strand cut to a single-stranded nick. In order to produce a double stranded break, two sgRNAs...place on the free strand of DNA and converts a C to U without producing a double strand break.   Prime... target DNA. The reverse transcriptase polymerizes DNA onto the target strand based on the sequence of...targeting dCas9 to transcriptional start sites was sufficient to repress transcription by blocking its initiation...approach is that two sgRNAs targeting opposite strands must be available in moderate proximity to each...desired edit adjoined to the sgRNA, a reverse transcriptase, and a nCas9. While this system has been shown...been exploited to localize factors such as transcriptional activators and repressors to target genes. ...

...RNA polymerase III transcript, the sgRNAs were encoded on the lentiviral minus strand in the 3’ LTR. These...HeLa cells transduced with SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (Plasmid #141391-LV [+N]) or membrane protein ...high microglia transduction efficiency for the indicated ssAAV5s. Figure adapted from Serrano et al. 2023... with tRNAs, which are cleaved out of the RNA transcript by endogenous processing enzymes (Figure 1). ...including modifications to the Cas9 or reverse transcriptase enzymes, inhibition of host cell proteins, and...microglia are notoriously resistant to viral transduction. Through in vivo screening of human promoters...scAAV vectors have limited size compared to single-strand AAV (ssAAV). To maintain the packaging capacity...

...structures in RNA transcripts Effects on transcription (remember, it’s not all about translation - e.g. codon... you cannot choose among the possible codons at random and expect your sequence to express well in any...therefore may need fewer resources for the entire translation process. For example, during high growth rate... tRNAs. For example Tuller et al. found that translation efficiency is well correlated with codon bias...tRNAs, different regions of the protein may be translated at different rates. The ribosome will move quickly...the ribosome stalls, this may give the swiftly translated regions a chance to fold properly. For example...codon preferences online). Even if the gene is translated, it may not function properly. This is the result...

...engineered combinations of transcriptional activators to induce gene transcription at genomic sites targeted...p65-HSF1 transcriptional activator to each genome-bound dCas9 (see Figure 1a for the transgenic construct...different untranslated or coding regions. Typically, each gene isoform has a distinct transcriptional start...investigation. Co-transduction of primary rat neurons with dCas9-VPR and sgRNAs targeting either transcript variant...activation (CRISPRa) tools for neuroscience, including transgenic mice, neuron-optimized viral vectors, and high-throughput...with the development of a Suntag-p65-HSF1 (SPH) transgenic mouse (Zhou et al., 2018). This mouse expresses...CRISPRa to selectively target these different transcriptional start sites in order to better understand isoform-specific...

...small, double stranded RNA molecules that degrade target mRNA transcripts. When transiently introduced, ...fused to a transcriptional repressor to your gene of interest. It will inhibit transcription instead of...of introducing a DNA double strand break. Transient introduction of CRISPRi or inducible expression (more...LoxP vector.   Turn it off for a little while Transient suppression of expression is faster and easier...expression. Addgene has a dCas9 KRAB plasmid for transient knockouts!  Turn it on Turn it on forever Permanently...for integration at a specific genomic site, or randomly integrated (once or many times) into the genome...that, too! CRISPR activators (CRISPRa) are transcriptional activators fused to a dead Cas9. The system...

...and GFP reporters, as well as multiple transient and transgenic systems, Sahoo et al. showed that gene...commonly used 35S promoter. Transgenes are also efficiently inherited in both transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis...tumor-inducing” or Ti plasmid, which allows it to transfer genetic material into the host plant genome. Scientists...Scientists have worked to optimize this system for gene transfer, studying the stability of modified Ti plasmids...a new and versatile binary Ti vector for both transient and stable gene expression applications in plants...borders specify the region of DNA that will be transferred to the plant, similar to viral vectors’ terminal...binary vectors are quite large (>10 kb.) Since transformation efficiency is inversely proportional to size...

...non-exclusive gene silencing pathways: transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). In either...silence the target gene(s) either transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally. In plants, different dicer-like...where approximately 20-30 nucleotides of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) results in downregulation, or “silencing...either pathway, short double-stranded RNA fragments (siRNAs) are produced from long dsRNA via an RNase III... through targeted mRNA degradation, blocking translation, or chromatin modifications of complementary ... Figure 1: Schematic of an RNAi-inducing transgene. Typically, the desired target of RNAi is expressed...alternative start codons, and/or the phenomenon of transcriptional adaptation (Smits et al., 2019; Sztal and Stainier...

...signal downstream of the transcription start site will terminate transcription of most of the ncRNA (Figure... coming, right? Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are transcribed but do not encode proteins. They play important...Using a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to create a double-strand break works well because very small deletions and...sequence can completely disrupt expression of the transcribed ncRNA (Jiang et al. 2014).  Simple knock-out ...lncRNA regulatory elements that are crucial for transcription and downstream function. Rather than attempting...the lncRNA locus, scientists can mutate the transcription start site, splice sites, exons, and/or promoters...the removal of exons. Disrupting promoter or transcription start site function would also help to reveal...