... targets, similar to how antibodies do. The structure of the common antibody is heftier (~150 kDa) and...fragment derived from a camelid antibody called a heavy chain antibody (HCab). Because of their small ...This step of the protocol starts out with anti-Myc antibodies bound to an ELISA plate to capture Myc-tagged...over several days and isolated special camelid antibodies that bind to the spike proteins in cell culture...especially challenging when trying to develop antibodies against unstable targets like membrane proteins...Walter et al., 2020). No llamas required. The advantages of synthetic nanobodies Nanobodies are small ... highly variable regions that bind to specific antigens. In contrast, nanobodies are a single heavy domain...

...by both the number of participants and the standard academic calendar. So you want to start a journal club...interested. You don’t want to pick a topic and have no one show up. At Addgene, we wanted to think more closely...away from academic science; there is most likely abundant opportunity to continue such discussions. Beyond...emerging technologies to remain competitive and relevant. Enter: the journal club.  A journal club is ...bioinformatics and HTS, we all had much to learn. And, many wanted to learn more, even those not directly involved... in the project.  Once we gauged interest from relevant parties, and the company at large, by polling ...Preparing for the first meeting There are many important pieces before that first meeting takes place to...

... and 70186, respectively). Antares Chu, J., et al. (4), likewise, wanted to produce a BRET probe for ...NLuc (CyOFP1-NLuc-CyOFP1; Antares). Direct injection of plasmids for Antares or firefly luciferase into...brighter signal from Antares as compared to Fluc in this model. The construct for Antares is available through... their Nano-Lanterns with NLuc and called their improved creations Enhanced Nano-Lanterns. These great...strategies and tactics for getting the plasmids he wanted. Addgene makes it so much easier to share your ...we share? NanoLuc® Luciferase-based tools are fantastic examples of technologies that can accelerate your...(FLuc) and Renilla (RLuc) luciferase. This is important not so much for how bright you can make a reaction...

...over 13,000 plasmids! Our recombinant anti-c-Myc [9E10] (isotype IgG2a) antibody is currently recommended...the Anti-c-Myc [9E10] page for more details. Image credit: Addgene.   Find anti-c-Myc antibody here...light-gated potassium channelrhodopsins Myc-tag antibody anti-c-Myc [9E10] now available! Improved voltage....org/10.1101/2021.09.17.460684.)   Myc-tag antibody anti-c-Myc [9E10] now available! by: Ashley Waldron...months we highlight a subset of the new plasmids, antibodies, and viral preps in the repository through our...something hot? You can pitch a Hot Plasmids section (antibodies and viral preps welcome!) here. Here's what...indicators (GEVIs) based on the ASAP sensors. The resultant JEDI-2P sensors overcome many challenges in 2-...

...expression of recombinant phosphoproteins Protein phosphorylation is one of the most abundant forms of post-translational...while the Patron Lab MoClo Plant Parts kit contains modules specific for plant transformation. Weber et...modules (plant promoter, N-terminal tag, coding sequence of the gene of interest, C-terminal tag, plant terminator...target genome. They did this by selecting the important elements from existing transposon and vector systems...only recently made available through Addgene and we want to highlight it for use in your research. Martínez-García...three dimensional structure of GFP, its brighter mutant S65T-GFP, and the subsequent biochemical characterization...Mitochondrial health, transport and turnover are important features to be monitored to study mitochondrial...

... a rigid cell wall makes them resistant to antibiotics and antibacterial drugs like penicillin and streptomycin...Perform culturing without the use of antibiotics since the use of antibiotics can allow mycoplasma to develop...develop resistance to the antibiotics. Antibiotics must only be used to remove mycoplasma and not for preventing... of the quinolone family of antibiotics and are broad-spectrum antibiotic agents. These agents can be ...guest blogger, Kaustubh Kishor Jadhav, a Research Assistant at MGMs Institute of Biosciences and Technology...largest source among those mentioned above. The contaminants can spread through dirty clothing, lab wears... human scalp, sneezing, coughing, etc. Also, a constant in-flow of individuals wherever the cell cultures...

...Macaques N/A Stanton et al., 2023 AAV-MDV1A CNS Mice No (LY6C1) Stanton et al., 2023 ... way that goes beyond such restrictions, you may want to consider a systemic capsid for your AAV.   Systemic...unique tropisms are now available. These include variants with broad CNS or PNS transduction, cell type ...concurrently to minimize the impact of neutralizing antibodies developed in response to the first exposure to...determine the best titer for your application.   Pro tip!Want to know if a capsid is a good option for your experiment...effective in both mouse strains. It is therefore important to review the literature for use of a capsid in... brain endothelial cells in mice but neurons in infant macaques (Chen et al., 2023). And these differences...

...reverse transcriptase mutant in a separate control reaction. This will allow you to quantify the amount of PCR...viral prep, treated with the antibiotic, and colony-forming units quantified. While these methods tend to...of a gene carried on the transfer plasmid or quantifying the number of viral copies that have integrated...commercially available p24 ELISA kits that can quantify p24 levels in a matter of hours. A major drawback...particle. Consequently, titers based off of p24 quantification tend to be overestimates since they can include...viral RNA is first converted to cDNA and then quantified using qPCR primers targeting specific viral components... components such as LTRs, gag, WPRE, antibiotic resistance-genes, or the transgene itself. Many researchers...

...synergistically, antagonistically, were additive, etc.). ANCOVA and MANCOVA All variants of ANOVAs discussed...there is a statistically significant difference in that variance. If you want to know type of distribution...normality (or lack thereof). Alternatively, a Quantile vs. Quantile plot can determine if your data deviates...sets. Significance is a numerical value which quantifies the likelihood that a result is due to chance.... Below are several core factors of statistics relevant for many downstream statistical tests.   Independent... Variance – Approximately equal Data type - Quantitative If your data doesn’t fit the requirements above...assess if the mean of an experimental group is significantly greater or lesser than the mean of a control...

...multicopy variant of a gene exists, there must be assays that researchers can use to quantify said copies...ddPCR provides absolute quantitative data, instead of relative quantification.  Even though no one option...: 15833050. Ma L, Chung WK. Quantitative analysis of copy number variants based on real-time LightCycler...PCR-based applications (qPCR and ddPCR.) qPCR Quantitative/real-time PCR (qPCR) has been used for copy ...expressed, one-copy ‘housekeeping’ gene), and quantified relative to a 'normal' sample with known copy...about qPCR is that since it measures relative quantification - that is, since you’re looking at the amount... dye, with a fluorescent probe and quencher to quantify specific amplicons.  Sybr has high background ...

...activity (Ni, Titov, & Zhang, 2006), quantifying antibody/antigen interactions (Saraheimo et al., 2013...contributed by guest blogger James D. Fessenden, an Assistant Professor at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Biochemists... drug discovery by big pharma (i.e. HTRF and LanthaScreen) (Degorce et al., 2009), measuring intracellular...nonspecifically soak up your fluorophore package. One important concept in FRET experimental design is that the...donor first where labeling specificity is most important. Donor labeling and the need for specificity Donor...protein molecules contain the donor and, more importantly there is no fluorescence background resulting...genetically-encoded FRET donors (Fig. 1). Scores of FP variants have been created, thereby enabling a broad spectrum...

...while the anti-HA frankenbodies include mEGFP, mCherry, and HaloTag. Figure 1: (a) Anti-FLAG frankenbody...determining region of an anti-FLAG scFv and a stable scFv scaffold. (b) Schematic of anti-FLAG-FB-GFP binding...localization. Adapted from Liu et al. 2021. Anti-FLAG and anti-HA frankenbodies have a variety of applications...up here.  Here's what you'll find in this post: Anti-FLAG Frankenbodies for modular imaging of cellular...system for mammalian genome regulation and editing Anti-FLAG Frankenbodies for modular imaging of cellular...cellular targets by: Mike Lacy Adding to their set of anti-HA frankenbodies (Zhao et al. 2019), Tim Stasevich...Hiroshi Kimura’s labs have recently published a set of anti-FLAG frankenbodies, a flexible, modular tool for...

...asked questions. We also want to tell you about things you didn’t know you wanted to know about, like research... the example of our Antibody Guide, which was published alongside our new antibody services in the spring...While Rachel had antibody experience, we also had the deeper expertise of our antibody team to rely on....In the case of the antibody guide, primary research and previously written Antibody 101 blog posts were... statement extends beyond plasmids, AAVs, and antibodies to our content, website, Data Hub, and everything...that process. Our repository of plasmids, AAVs, antibodies, and data allows scientists to easily and quickly... series of conversations on resources with our antibody and content team, we identified what applications...

...can vary "Lab assistants" usually wash glassware, prep media, etc. "Research assistants" are more involved...daunting. During my first year of college, I knew I wanted to try research, but had no idea what to expect...investigator (PI) Runs the lab Writes a lot of grants Varying degrees of engagement with what happens...the lab Official title is typically Professor, Assistant Professor, Associate Professor Sometimes teaches...independent project. Lab technician / Research assistant Typically has a Master's or Bachelor's degree...order materials, lab maintenance Administrative assistant: assists PI with admin duties Staff scientist:...worthwhile and can help us make decisions about what we want to do in the future. How do I get started with research...

...confirmation of recombinant clones If a antibiotic resistance gene has been inserted, recombinants can first...major advantage of using this method for lambda red expression is that it doesn’t require antibiotic selection...  References 1. Costantino N, Court DL. Enhanced levels of λ Red-mediated recombinants in mismatch repair...outgrowth of bacteria. Selection and confirmation of recombinant clones.    Figure 2: Overview of using... system to replace a gene of interest with an antibiotic resistance cassette.   Substrate DNA Design..., including selectable DNA fragments, such as antibiotic resistance genes, as well as non-selectable DNA...replacements and tags.  The typical frequency of recombinants is 1 positive clone out of 104 to 105 colonies...

...utilization, Arabidopsis has made significant contributions to understanding plant and crop science alike.  Arabidopsis...for use in Arabidopsis. There are also important tips for plant transformations and the use of Arabidopsis... The development of Arabidopsis as a model plant. The Plant Journal, 61(6), 909–921. https://doi.org/10.1111...page Find more plasmids and resources for plant resources on Plant Plasmids Collection Page Read our molecular...Justin Ng and Alyssa Cecchetelli Science is a constantly evolving and demanding field, requiring a variety...vastly expanded axolotl research. One of the most significant advances is the sequencing of the entire axolotl...research providing insight into some of the most significant and fundamental biological processes. Many of...

...site-directed mutagenesis.  Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, qPCR Quantitative polymerase chain reaction... to quantify the concentrations of multiple starting DNA templates in one sample. It is important to note...heating and cooling steps. PCR relies on heat resistant DNA polymerase from the thermophilic bacterium...aquaticus (Taq). Taq polymerase is thus a heat resistant enzyme that can withstand changes in temperature...to confirm product presence, size, and relative quantity. End point PCR is most commonly used in molecular...genotyping. It’s extremely useful but is not as quantitative as other methods of PCR. Theoretically scientists...scientists should be able to determine the quantity of DNA after a PCR reaction as the amplicon doubles every...

...substrates/peptides and antibodies. Example applications of this include coupling to an antibody, whereby excitation...agonists and antagonists, impacting the interpretation of experimental results. It's important to consider...required. These dyes can also be attached to an antibody to detect various targets, such as proteins, nucleic... These consist of a genetically encoded enzyme variant tag that covalently reacts with a small substrate...through fluorescent labeling. There are several advantages to using these self-labeling proteins over traditional...near-infrared fluorophores. Fluorescence microscopy takes advantage of the characteristics of these fluorophores to...protein function and cellular components: It's important to assess how dye-conjugation affects protein ...

... you want to use optogenetics The most important question to consider is what exactly do you want to use...and components necessary to run it? And, most importantly, what are the methodological and experimental...considerations? I recently spent two months in the lab of Antonello Bonci, Director of the National Institutes of ...optogenetics for? The technique is non-trivial; you don’t want to spend months doing surgeries and making fiber...region you wish to stimulate 2) Fabrication and implantation of the optical fiber into the region of interest...any optogenetic experiment. There are numerous variants for the different types of opsins available and...of North Carolina) that offer his constructs. Importantly, control viruses (not expressing the opsin) are...

...plasmids, multiple Cas9 variants are available: wt humanized Cas9, D10A nickase mutant (Cas9n), dCas9 (transcriptional...pCAMBIA. Cas9 is plant-optimized, and plasmids are available for both monocot and dicot plants, with a choice...Cas9 toolkit for multiplex genome editing in plants.” BMC Plant Biology 14 (2014): 327. PubMed PMID: 25432517...multiplex genome editing in monocot and dicot plants.” Molecular Plant 8(8) (2015): 1274-1284. PubMed PMID: 25917172...suitable for other model systems, including E. coli, plants, Drosophila, and zebrafish!   Why use multiplexed...This increases the chance that all the edits you want to make will happen.  There are many reasons to ...with Golden Gate and Gibson assembly methods If you want to scale up the number of gRNAs in your plasmid,...