...parts of our code, we might be calling something a sample and in other places, we might be calling it an aliquot...soundness of the software design. Each of us brings slightly different cognitive biases as a result of our ...creates trust amongst the team. Whether we are a highly collaborative team because we are using the Scrum...we are using the Scrum framework because we are highly collaborative, we love teamwork. Working collaboratively...parts of the shipping code. The following sprint we might have an EMTA theme and we will all be working in... Most of the time, updating these libraries is straight forward. However, there are times where a library...no further updates, security or otherwise. This might sound like Greek to you, which brings me to my next...

...Addgene we've set out to fill this gap by both highlighting that researchers do learn MANY transferable ...the lab and by offering advice on areas where you might need some help. Today in our transferable skills...with SnapGene, for example, allows us to display high-quality maps and annotations without us having to...events can be very tough. First I needed to find the right contacts at the companies and then convince the ...Great progress! You are collaborating with your neighboring lab, you've met interesting people at conferences...are the individuals that are part of them. I’m delighted that these collaborations give me opportunities...An Imperative for Graduate Students" from Inside Higher Ed Additional Resources on the Addgene Blog Check...

...have limited use in vivo because they are based on light which is very easily scattered by tissue. Ultrasound...modality with good tissue penetration depth as well as high spatial and temporal resolution, making it ideal...vesicle genes from Serratia sp. 39006 produced the highest levels of nonlinear acoustic contrast in E. coli...). Gas vesicle expression in vivo is also straightforward: after the E. coli have colonized tumors, inject...Methods to assess bARGSer expression, from left to right: colony whiteness on inducer plates, white inclusions...We wanted to create second-generation mARGs with higher expression, a smaller genetic footprint, and nonlinear...chromatin-opening agents. It ended up being very straightforward to engineer various cell lines from different...

...and writing are key skills. Other fields, often highly technical or skills-based ones, may not use them...are less likely to require cover letters, while higher-level jobs are more likely to consider cover letters...that asks for strong organizational skills. You might think, “I’d be good at that! I organized my lab ...]. Notice that the intros above allow you to highlight what specific skills, qualities, or interests ...considered cover letters to be more important for higher-level positions. Many did not require cover letters...-neutral greeting like “Dear Hiring Manager.” Highlight your achievements with specific examples. Instead...

...densities that are low enough to prevent confluency but high enough to promote cell growth. Overgrown cultures... age of your culture post thaw. In general, the higher the passage number of a culture the lower the transfection...be a bit dubious due to lack of documentation and high turn-over of lab personnel. If you are unsure of...with pH changes and resource consumption due to the high cell density of the culture. In addition to benefitting...harvest approach is that it tends to result in a higher volume of lower titer virus. In such cases you ...downstream applications. While this ensures that the highest titer virus is used, it is not always feasible,...titered. Most titering approaches transduce into highly permissive cell lines such as HEK293, H0 or A549...

...IBEX is a highly multiplexed tissue imaging method that uses iterative staining and chemical bleaching...bleaching to allow for high-resolution imaging without degrading the tissue (Radtke et al., 2020, 2022). I do... do mean highly multiplexed: you can image over 65 different parameters using this method (see Movie S8..., you’re probably also very interested in having high-quality antibodies and reagents that you know work...you’re certainly not alone – we’re all looking for high-quality antibodies and reagents that work for our...immunolabeling and chemical bleaching method for high-content imaging of diverse tissues. Nature Protocols... Data with Addgene Antibodies 101: Choosing the Right Isotype...

... for a reply to an email. You need answers: the right ones, quickly, and this is why we have a dedicated...phone call or write out an email. You need help right at the moment you’re looking for it, or you may ... from your colleagues, to intellectual property rights and handling your constructs once they reach you... new feature on our website; towards the bottom right corner of each page there’s a blue icon displaying...result. By clicking on the result links themselves right from within the widget, you’ll navigate to articles...on the "Leave us a message" button shown to the right, you will be be prompted to enter your name and ...team’s attention, where we can then offer the same high level of direct service you’ve come to expect from...

...together DNA fragments. As a fun way to start, I highly recommend watching this entertaining video created...assembly work? The required homology between neighboring fragments can be created via PCR amplification...including regions of homology to the vector or neighboring fragment. Then you would amplify the fragments...success rate of this reaction is typically fairly high, so there is usually no need to screen a large amount...structure, such as a hairpin or a stem loop (as might be anticipated to occur within a terminator sequence...required single-stranded annealing and priming of neighboring assembly fragments. Gibson assembly is commonly...vector that you want to use is very large, has a high GC content, contains a lot of repeats--any of which...

...via gene therapy, so researchers have set their sights on another approach. Since shorter forms of dystrophin...to persist over time, stem cell editing would be highly desirable. Should stem cell editing occur, the ...and AAV9, respectively. Although each study used slightly different methods, they each observed the same..., the relative abundance of exon-skipped mRNA is high, likely because this mRNA is not subject to nonsense-mediated... very low to no off-target activity at the ten highest-ranking predicted off-target sites. Each paper ...CRISPR delivery must be optimized to: 1. Reach a high percentage of muscle cells throughout the body, ... rigorously examined over a long period of time. High fidelity Cas9s such as eSpCas9 and SpCas9-HF should...

...transcribe the extremely long, highly structured HCV genome (~9.6 kb of highly structured template!). MarathonRT...Every few months we highlight a subset of the new plasmids in the repository through our hot plasmids...Listen to the Hot Plasmids Podcast!  MarathonRT: A highly processive reverse transcriptase Article contributed...complex heterogeneous RNA samples. Furthermore, such high processivity enzymes and the structural understanding...antibodies: they are small (12-15 kDa), stable, highly soluble, and non-immunogenic yet are still just...

...Syndrome One of those teams is led by Claudio Aguilar (right) at Purdue University and is working to understand...forward. Xeroderma Pigmentosum Hendrik De Buhr (top right) and his colleagues at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia...condition leaves patients incredibly sensitive to sunlight and prone to developing metastatic melanomas and... and other cancers. Joshua Wang (bottom right), also of the Wistar Institute, says that the lab got interested...Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood Melodi McSweeney (right), a graduate student at Duke who has recently moved...returning to basal conditions normally after periods of high activity. The new work will help them to understand... Syndrome Last but not least, Meng-Shin Shiao (right) of Mahidol University’s Ramathibodi Hospital in...

...tricky at best, and downright infuriating at worst. While it is tempting to just dive right in and start injecting...also transduce postsynaptic cells when used at very high titers (Zingg et al., 2017), which can lead to cells... total injection volume. You’ll often hear that “high titer” is required for efficient AAV transduction...the spread of the virus.  A better way to define high titer, then, is this: It’s the optimal number of...inversely related to transduction efficacy: the higher the efficiency, the lower the titer and vice versa...needed volume (de Backer et al., 2010).  Second, high efficiency transduction coupled with a strong promoter...amount that looks effective. Ultimately, the perfect “high titer” is one that optimizes gene expression where...

...copies can be tightly controlled by titrating the transposase to transposon ratios. High ratios of transposase...efficiency of excision with PBx has been shown to be higher than that of the wildtype piggyBac™ transposase...importantly, unlike Cre recombinase, the PBx is highly specific, and has not been shown to cause genomic...specialized knowledge to help researchers identify the right technologies and strategies for their projects. ... 2016. PubMed PMID: 27075976. 4.  X. Li, E. R. Burnight, A. L. Cooney, N. Malani, T. Brady, J. D. Sander.... Qualls, B. M. Lewis, E. Ke, C. T. Dargitz, R. Wright, A. Khanna, F. H. Gage, and I. M. Verma, “Functional..., M. van Lohuizen, A. Berns, and D. J. Adams, “A high-throughput splinkerette-PCR method for the isolation...

... in Paris and New York. We want YOU to join the fight against coronavirus We are just at the beginning...be the next scientist joining in this worldwide fight against SARS-CoV-2. As we’ve all been affected in...that we have to stick together (6 feet apart), to fight the new Coronavirus. To help get you started, here... sites - so cloning projects should be fun and straight-forward. All constructs are tagged with a 2xStrep-tag... gave a lot of background in our study - so you might want to be careful with these clones (and help us... research. For all these reasons, the QCRG is delighted to be partnering with Addgene, who will be taking...bloggers Manon Eckhardt (left) and Melanie Brewer (right) from the University of California, San Francisco...

...fold increase in brightness after ~100 action potentials. This is about twice as bright as GCaMP7f and ...action potential, GCaMP7s is approximately twice as bright, relative to baseline fluorescence, as the GCaMP7f...GCaMP7f variant, and is approximately 5-fold brighter than GCaMP6s. jGCaMP7f is the fastest responding variant... variant. jGCaMP7b exhibits the brightest resting fluorescence and can be used for imaging small neuronal...processes (dendrites and axons). jGCaMP7c exhibits high contrast between peak fluorescence and resting fluorescence...lowering sensor resting fluorescence, while maintaining high peak fluorescence) and is useful for imaging signaling...

...specific goal, and when you realise that your goal might not lead to a career you actually want, you can ...applicable to a wide range of industries and is a highly desirable quality sought after by employers. These...many employers. Increasingly, computer skills are highly desired, as roles are becoming more reliant on ...Programming skills (Python, R, SAS, HTML, Matlab etc) are highly desirable in a range of roles, including: Science...give you an idea of what additional training you might need to obtain. You'll also need to think of other...you have the relevant skills and experience.You might not normally think about it, but hobbies and volunteer... job involves traveling, showing that you are a highly organised and experienced traveler by citing specific...

...convince your potential employer that you are the right candidate for the job. How can you incorporate the...you need to have a good idea of what should be highlighted on your resume, and tailor the resume for the...programs to predict protein structures, then you might know a thing or two about computer modeling. Make...transferable skills Some of the skills you developed might not have come from the research itself, but from...universities actually have career services offices. You might think only undergraduates use these services, but... work well with your life and career plan? This might be a tough question to ask now, but the earlier ...

...standard) and reflects a desire for very high MOI on top of very high coverage. Please see this paper for ...that this will require co-delivery of two AAVs at a high MOI, often resulting in a drop in transduction coverage...particles into the same cells in vivo? A: This will be highly dependent on vector dose. The color diversity in...experiments using PHP.eB in the brain give some insight into codelivery efficiency at different doses. ...liver transduction. While we have not tried it, it might be worth investigating for both Q6 & Q7.For epithelial...that we have in house!), which seems to me a very high dosage. Any thoughts?  A: The question refers to...

...and 31 times higher, respectively. In rice protoplasts, Xie et. al observed slightly higher mutation rates...this system is clearly also robust enough to ensure high levels of gRNA cleavage.   Xie et. al constructed...nucleotides to the 5’ spacers. The 3’ ends were modified slightly with either a 1-7 base poly(U)tail in tRNA-gRNA... had biallelic mutations at all five loci. This highly efficient multiplexing further illustrates the ... Dimeric CRISPR RNA-guided FokI nucleases for highly specific genome editing. Tsai SQ, Wyvekens N, Khayter...

...plasmid may be expressed at higher than normal physiological levels due to high copy numbers. This creates...isolation, a well-defined genetic system, and a highly versatile DNA transformation system.Unlike most...similar to bacterial plasmids and are considered “high copy”. A fragment from the 2 micron circle (a natural...pombe plasmids oftentimes utilize an ARS to aid in high transformation efficiency; however, this region ...antibiotic selection when working with yeast, due to high rates of spontaneously occuring resistant mutants...in the cell, thus allowing the yeast to maintain higher copy numbers. Additionally, improvements in antibiotic...

...by large DNA recognition sites, which makes them highly specific.  Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton was...Jurassic Park (1997, 2001, 2015, and 2018) were highly successful in the box office, indicating the insatiable...increase specificity. This modular approach made ZFNs highly appealing to researchers.  TALENs In 2010, transcription...travels. The movie sees the USS Enterprise crew fight against a genetically engineered superhuman Khan...cellular DNA repair machinery, which can lead to high frequency of indel formation in the genome and are...involves The Rock and his super giant albino gorilla fighting off a monstrous wolf and crocodile, that were ...Editing Trading Card seen in this blog post?Download high resolution versions here.  Many thanks to our guest...

... antibody has arrived, hooray! Before you jump straight into the exciting new experiments that you’ve ... their ability to bind to molecular targets with high affinity and specificity. However, there are countless...validation in different applications. Here, I want to highlight the general suggestions given by the International...your bioinformatics skills (or your friendly neighborhood bioinformatician) to look at RNA expression ... tissues.  From this data, you see that there is high RNA expression in the retina and in parts of the...binding to something unexpected. This approach has high specificity, but you need to be aware of any possible...for immunocapture applications and is amenable to high-throughput analyses, however, it requires access...

...Nye in their lab coats handling glassware with brightly colored hazardous liquids. Working in a lab is...school, med school, industry) Other roles you might see Lab manager: managerial duties ex: order materials...makes them excited to do what they do. I would also highly recommend talking to other undergraduate researchers...choosing a good scientific mentor and choosing the right lab. Remember that your time is valuable! Don’t ...scientists are all just people. I’ve found that in the right environment and with supportive mentors, being open...was a bit of a foreign concept to me when I was in high school, but I’ve learned the value in finding mentors...broadening your experiences! These applications can be highly competitive, so asking for help from mentors and...

...clone out of 104 to 105 colonies. Pro Tip: Use a high-fidelity Taq polymerase with proof-reading ability... center of the sequence. Since lambda red has a higher recombination frequency when the lagging strand...strands. One of the two oligos will recombine with a higher efficiency than the other and you’ll find out empirically...frequency between 0.1% to 1%, and can be increased to as high as 25-50% by designing oligos that avoid activating...deletion of >20 nucleotides 1 out of 104 to 105 Use a high fidelity Taq polymerase to generate insert ssDNA...these strains, expression of exo, beta and gam is tightly regulated by the endogenous phage promoter pL and... allows for a mobile recombineering system, but tight regulation of expression is required for a successful...

... (TMP-tag) (Miller et al., 2005). Although this tight interaction is not covalent, later work showed that...systems can be complicated to implement, they can be highly specific with a small and minimally-disruptive ...  Applications Organic dyes are typically both brighter and more photostable than fluorescent proteins...in a new fluorescent ligand and see the results right away. Or perform pulse-chase experiments by sequentially...membrane. So, you should investigate your options and weigh the potential benefits and costs before investing...investing in one approach or the other. Finding the right tag for you Protein-based tags typically provide ...the fluorophore’s microenvironment to enhance brightness, stability, or other properties is an active ...

...Addgene we've set out to fill this gap by both highlighting that researchers do learn MANY transferable ...the lab and by offering advice on areas where you might need some help. Today: Teamwork. My first experience...was I to dispute history? And boy did I make the right decision. If I’d spent my senior year isolating ...colleagues, I can also orchestrate the formation of high-functioning-but-temporary teams that have a specific...providing technical customer service. Team members are highly trained, and though there are necessary redundancies...skills - you just want the necessary skills. You might find that your next paper is going to require help... of more than one person. A selfish part of you might not want another person’s name on your next paper...

...conformational state may change. If your protein might become slightly denatured during your experimental protocol... or a goat) is injected with an immunogen. This might be the full-length protein that you want to generate...that recognize your target protein without causing high background due to cross-reactivity. When to use ... in many labs. Polyclonal antibodies also have a high sensitivity to the target protein due to their ability...or recombinant antibody instead. Otherwise, you might experience variability in the strength of staining...strength. In general, polyclonal antibodies produce a higher level of background noise compared to monoclonal...

...significantly reduce costs of producing plasmids with high-throughput methods that save on reagents, consumables...many labs are quite happy to share, labs that get high volumes of plasmid requests can end up refusing ...traditional PCR/digest/ligate methods and picking the right one can save you time if you’re working at speed... that works for your experiment. Make your work “high-throughput” Instead of making one plasmid at a time...t scale or have limited scaling. The downside of high-throughput work is that you give up a lot of flexibility...minute experiments or changes. Fun fact: Addgene’s high-throughput approach means we virtually always use... Addgene Blog 5 factors to help you choose the right cloning method Find blog posts about scientific ...

...abilities of the lesser-known Cas enzymes while also highlighting their similarities and differences to Cas9. ...therapeutic delivery.   Cas14 – Mini, but single strand mighty Unlike many other Cas enzymes, Cas14 targets ssDNA...ssDNA instead of dsDNA. It cleaves ssDNA with high fidelity - sensitive to even a single mismatch in the...sequence. Why would you want to give it a go? The high specificity of Cas14 makes it a promising detection... Fast facts – PAM requirement: none. Best for: high fidelity ssDNA targeting. RNA targeting Cas enzymes...enzymes are worth taking a look at. Choosing the right Cas can really put your experiments Nsync.   References...

...given problem, Empowers the writer, And offers insight into a career as a Professor. Step 1: Your ...time to review the literature and offer educated insight into what the desirable features of future technologies...field. Research strategy The Research Strategy highlights i) the significance and innovation of the project...statements. While some of the statements may be slightly far reaching, remember that you are writing a ...text. Specific aims The Specific Aims section highlights each milestone that must be met in order to deem...