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Ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 drives escape from mRNA vaccine-induced humoral immunity.

Roederer AL, Cao Y, Denis KS, Sheehan ML, Li CJ, Lam EC, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Iafrate AJ, Canaday DH, Gravenstein S, Garcia-Beltran WF, Balazs AB
medRxiv [Preprint]. 2024 Mar 7:2024.03.05.24303815. doi: 10.1101/2024.03.05.24303815. (Link opens in a new window) PubMed (Link opens in a new window) Article

SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutant Collection

This collection of plasmids encodes the SARS-CoV-2 spike sequence in a mammalian expression cassette, enabling the production of cell-surface SARS-CoV-2 spike protein following transfection. These constructs can be used as part of a lentiviral vector system to generate pseudovirus particles for use in downstream assays. The collection comprises individual mutations in the spike protein that have occurred across each wave of variants, as well as plasmids encoding spike sequences containing all combinations of mutations reported in variants of concern throughout the pandemic.

Schematic of workflow. Five plasmid vectors containing the following components; spike variant, FFLuc ZsGr, Gag-Pol, Tat, and Rev; are transfected into producer cells. SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus containing FFLuc-ZsGr is collected and mixed with Patient sera. ACE2 target cells are infected with the mixture using an automated 384-well plate setup in a high-throughput liquid handler. After a 60 h culture, luciferin is added and luminescence quantified. Neutralizing antibody (nAb) titer (NT50) is determined from the dilution versus neutralization curve.

  • Figure 1: Workflow to generate pseudovirus particles for downstream assays.

Please visit https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.05.24303815 (Link opens in a new window) for medRxiv preprint.

Plasmids from Article

ID Plasmid Purpose
212329pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 A222V (GTG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike A222V for pseudovirus production
212332pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N439K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K for pseudovirus production
212333pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S477N (AAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S477N for pseudovirus production
212334pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D936Y (TAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D936Y for pseudovirus production
212335pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 L5F (TTC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L5F for pseudovirus production
212336pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 deltaH69V70Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike deltaH69, deltaH70 for pseudovirus production
212337pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 deltaY145Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Y145H for pseudovirus production
212338pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N501Y (TAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N501Y for pseudovirus production
212339pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 A570D (GAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike A570D for pseudovirus production
212340pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 P681H (CAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike P681H for pseudovirus production
212341pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T716I (ATT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T716I for pseudovirus production
212342pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S982A (GCC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S982A for pseudovirus production
212343pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D1118H (CAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D1118H for pseudovirus production
212344pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D80A (GCT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D80A for pseudovirus production
212345pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D215G (GGT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D215G for pseudovirus production
212346pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 L242H (CAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L242H for pseudovirus production
212347pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 K417N (AAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike K417N for pseudovirus production
212348pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 E484K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike E484K for pseudovirus production
212349pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 A701V (GTT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike A701V for pseudovirus production
212350pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 SAK005321 (Wrong L242H)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D80A, D215G, L242H, K417N, E484K, N501Y, D614G, A701V for pseudovirus production
212351pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 K417T (ACG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike K417T for pseudovirus production
212352pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 K417N (AAT) E484K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike K417N, E4848K for pseudovirus production
212354pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 E484K (AAA) N501Y (TAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike E484K, N501Y for pseudovirus production
212356pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 R246I (ATA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike R246I for pseudovirus production
212357pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 deltaL242-L244+R246I (ATA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike deltaL242-L244, R246I for pseudovirus production
212358pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 L18F (TTC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L18F for pseudovirus production
212359pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T20N (AAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T20N for pseudovirus production
212360pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 P26S (TCC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike P26S for pseudovirus production
212361pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D138Y (TAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D138Y for pseudovirus production
212363pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 V1176F (TTC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spikeV1176F for pseudovirus production
212364pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 H655Y (TAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike H655Y for pseudovirus production
212365pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T1027I (ATT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T1027I for pseudovirus production
212366pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S13I (ATC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S13I for pseudovirus production
212367pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 W152C (TGC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike W152C for pseudovirus production
212368pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 L452R (CGT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L452R for pseudovirus production
212370pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 I692V (GTA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike I692V for pseudovirus production
212371pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 M1229I (ATC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike M1229I for pseudovirus production
212372pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Danish Mink deltaFVIEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike deltaH69-H70, Y453F, D614G, I692V, M1229I for pseudovirus production
212373pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T307I (ATA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T307I for pseudovirus production
212374pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T572I (ATC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T572I for pseudovirus production
212375pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q239R (CGA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q239R for pseudovirus production
212376pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q677H (CAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q677H for pseudovirus production
212377pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T307I (ATA) T572I (ATC) D614G (GGT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T307I, T572I, D614G for pseudovirus production
212378pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q239R (CGA) D614G (GGT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q239R, D614G for pseudovirus production
212379pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D614G (GGT) Q677H (CAT) D936Y (TAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G, Q677H, D936Y for pseudovirus production
212380pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 SAK006840 VOC-501Y.V2 (B.1.351v3) - No RBD MutationsEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D80A, deltaL242-L244, R246I, D614G, A701V for pseudovirus production
212381pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 VOC-501Y.V2 (B.1.351) - All MutationsEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L18F,D80A,D215G,L242H,A243I,Q414N,E484K,N501Y,D614G,A701V for pseudovirus production
212382pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 K417T (ACG) E484K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike E484K for pseudovirus production
212383pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 K417T (ACG) N501Y (TAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N501Y for pseudovirus production
212384pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 (P.1) - No RBD MutationsEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L18F,R21N,P26S,D138Y,R190S,D614G,H655Y,T1027I,V1176F for pseudovirus production
212385pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 (P.2/B.1.1.248) - No RBD MutationsEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G,V1176F for pseudovirus production
212386pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 R683G (GGC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike R683G for pseudovirus production
212387pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 SA501.V2 (Triple RBD) R683G (GGC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike K417N,E484K,N501Y,R683G for pseudovirus production
212388pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 VOC-501Y.V2 (B.1.351) - McGuire MutationsEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D80A,D215G,K417N,E484K,N501Y,D614G for pseudovirus production
212389pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 SA190 VOC-501Y.V2 (B.1.351v4)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D80A,D215G,L242-L244 deletion,E484K,N501Y,D614G,A701V for pseudovirus production
212390pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D215H (CAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D215H for pseudovirus production
212391pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 SAK006879 VOC-501Y.V2 (B.1.351v5)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D215G,L242-L244 deletion,K417N,E484K,N501Y,D614G,A701V for pseudovirus production
212392pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 A27S (TCT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike A27S for pseudovirus production
212393pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 SAK007134 VOC-501Y.V2 (B.1.351v6)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike A27S,D80A,D215G,L242-L244 deletion,K417N,E484K,N501Y,D614G,A701V for pseudovirus production
212394pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q52R (CGA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q52R for pseudovirus production
212395pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 A67V (GTT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike A67V for pseudovirus production
212396pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 A67V (GTT) + deltaH69V70Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike A67V,H69V70 deletion for pseudovirus production
212397pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 F888L (CTT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike F888L for pseudovirus production
212398pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 (B.1.525)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q52R,A67V,Y145 deletion,E484K,D614G,Q677H,F888L for pseudovirus production
212399pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 (Robin)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G,Q677H for pseudovirus production
212400pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q677P (CCA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q677P for pseudovirus production
212401pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 (Pelican)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G,Q677P for pseudovirus production
212405pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D936N (AAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D936N for pseudovirus production
212406pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 (Bluebird)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T29I,T572I,D614G,Q677H,D936N for pseudovirus production
212407pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T732S (AGT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T732S for pseudovirus production
212408pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 (Quail)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D614G,Q677H,T732S for pseudovirus production
212410pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 E180V (GTA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike E180V for pseudovirus production
212411pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 (Mockingbird)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G142S,E180V,D614G,Q677H for pseudovirus production
212412pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 (P.1) Triple RBDEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike K417T,E484K,N501Y for pseudovirus production
212413pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T95I (ATA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T95I for pseudovirus production
212414pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q957R (CGG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q957R for pseudovirus production
212415pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 B.1.526v1Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L5F,T95I,D253G,S477N,D614G,Q957R for pseudovirus production
212416pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 B.1.526v2Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L5F,T95I,D253G,E484K,D614G,A701V for pseudovirus production
212417pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T19R (AGA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T19R for pseudovirus production
212418pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 K77T (ACG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike K77T for pseudovirus production
212419pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 G142D (GAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G142D for pseudovirus production
212420pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 E154K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike E154K for pseudovirus production
212422pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T478K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T478K for pseudovirus production
212424pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 P681R (CGT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike P681R for pseudovirus production
212425pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D950N (AAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D950N for pseudovirus production
212426pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q1071H (CAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q1071H for pseudovirus production
212427pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 H1101D (GAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike H1101D for pseudovirus production
212428pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 B.1.617v1 (B.1.617.1 v1)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G142D,E154K,L452R,E484Q,D614G,P681R,Q1071H,H1101D for pseudovirus production
212429pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 B.1.617v2 (B.1.617.1 v2)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T95I,G142D,E154K,E156-F157 deletion,R158G,L452R,E484Q,D614G,P681R,Q1071H for pseudovirus production
212430pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 B.1.617v4 (B.1.617.2 v1)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T19R,K77T,G142D,L452R,T478K,D614G,P681R,D950N for pseudovirus production
212431pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 V70F (TTT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike V70F for pseudovirus production
212432pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 W258L (CTG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike W258L for pseudovirus production
212433pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 AY.1Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T19R ,T95I ,G142D ,deltaE156-F157+R158G ,W258L ,K417N ,L452R ,T478K ,D614G ,P681R ,D950N for pseudovirus production
212434pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 AY.2Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T19R ,V70F ,G142D ,deltaE156-F157+R158G ,A222V ,K417N ,L452R ,T478K ,D614G ,P681R ,D950N for pseudovirus production
212435pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 K417N (AAT) L452R (CGT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike K417N, L452R for pseudovirus production
212437pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 L452R (CGT) T478K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L452R, T478K for pseudovirus production
212438pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 K417N (AAT) L452R (CGT) T478K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike K417N, L452R, T478K for pseudovirus production
212439pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 K417N (AAT) L452R (CGT) T478K (AAA) E484K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike K417N, L452R, T478K, E484K for pseudovirus production
212441pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 G75V (GTA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G75V for pseudovirus production
212442pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T76I (ATT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T76I for pseudovirus production
212443pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 G75V (GTA) T76I (ATT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G75V, T76I for pseudovirus production
212444pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 deltaR246-G252+D253N (AAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike R246-G252 deletion, D253N for pseudovirus production
212445pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 L452Q (CAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L452Q for pseudovirus production
212446pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 F490S (TCT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike F490S for pseudovirus production
212447pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T859N (AAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T859N for pseudovirus production
212448pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 C.37Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G75V ,T76I ,deltaR246-G252+D253N ,L452Q ,F490S ,D614G ,T859N for pseudovirus production
212449pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 L452Q (CAA) F490S (TCT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L452Q, F490S for pseudovirus production
212450pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 YY144TSN (ACTTCTAAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike YY144TSN for pseudovirus production
212451pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 R346K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike R346K for pseudovirus production
212452pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 B.1.621 (Mu)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T95I ,YY144TSN ,R346K ,E484K ,N501Y ,D614G ,P681H for pseudovirus production
212455pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 XBB.1.16 F456LEncodes SARS-CoV-2 variant XBB.1.16 Spike F456L for pseudovirus production
212456pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Y145H (CAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Y145H for pseudovirus production
212457pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 AY.4.2Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T19R ,T95I ,G142D ,Y145H ,deltaE156-F157+R158G ,A222V ,D614G ,P681R for pseudovirus production
212458pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 deltaV143-Y145Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike V143-Y145 deletion for pseudovirus production
212459pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 G142D (GAT)+deltaV143-Y145Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G142D, V143-Y145 deletion for pseudovirus production
212461pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 InsertionR214-EPEEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike R214 insertion for pseudovirus production
212462pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N211I (ATT) deltaL212+InsertionR214-EPEEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N211I, L212 deletion, R214 insertion for pseudovirus production
212463pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 G339D (GAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G339D for pseudovirus production
212464pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S371L (CTC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S371L for pseudovirus production
212466pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S375F (TTC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S375F for pseudovirus production
212467pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S371L (CTC) S373P (CCA) S375F (TTC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S371L, S373P, S375F for pseudovirus production
212468pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 G446S (AGC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G446S for pseudovirus production
212469pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N440K (AAG) G446S (AGC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N440K, G446S for pseudovirus production
212470pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S477N (AAC) T478K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S477N, T478K for pseudovirus production
212471pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 E484A (GCA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike E484A for pseudovirus production
212472pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S477N (AAC) T478K (AAA) E484A (GCA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S477N, T478K, E484A for pseudovirus production
212473pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q493R (CGA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q493R for pseudovirus production
212474pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 G496S (TCA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G496S for pseudovirus production
212475pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q498R (CGA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q498R for pseudovirus production
212476pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Y505H (CAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Y505H for pseudovirus production
212477pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q493R (CGA) G496S (TCA) Q498R (CGA) N501Y (TAT) Y505H (CAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q493R, G496S, Q498R, N501Y, Y505H for pseudovirus production
212478pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T547K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T547K for pseudovirus production
212479pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N679K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N679K for pseudovirus production
212480pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N679K (AAA) P681H (CAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N679K, P681H for pseudovirus production
212481pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N764K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N764K for pseudovirus production
212482pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D796Y (TAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D796Y for pseudovirus production
212483pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N856K (AAG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N856K for pseudovirus production
212484pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q954H (CAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q954H for pseudovirus production
212485pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N969K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N969K for pseudovirus production
212487pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 BA.2Encodes SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.2 Spike for pseudovirus production
212488pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T19I (ATA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T19I for pseudovirus production
212489pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 deltaL24P25P26 A27S (TCT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L24P25P26 deletion, A27S for pseudovirus production
212490pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 V213G (GGT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike V213G for pseudovirus production
212491pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S371F (TTC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S371F for pseudovirus production
212492pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T376A (GCT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T376A for pseudovirus production
212493pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S371F (TTC) S373P (CCA) S375F (TTC) T376A (GCT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S371F, S373P, S375F, T376A for pseudovirus production
212494pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D405N (AAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D405N for pseudovirus production
212495pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 R408S (AGC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike R408S for pseudovirus production
212496pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D405N (AAC) R408S (AGC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D405N, R408S for pseudovirus production
212497pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N440K (AAG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N440K for pseudovirus production
212498pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q493R (CGA) Q498R (CGA) N501Y (TAT) Y505H (CAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q493R, Q498R, N501Y, Y505H for pseudovirus production
212499pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q954H (CAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q954H for pseudovirus production
212500pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 V3G (GGT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike V3G for pseudovirus production
212501pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 F486V (GTT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike F486V for pseudovirus production
212502pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S704L (TTA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S704L for pseudovirus production
212503pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 BA.2.12.1Encodes SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.2.12.1 Spike for pseudovirus production
212504pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 BA.4 (V3G,S658N)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.4 Spike V3G,S658N for pseudovirus production
212506pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 BA.2.75Encodes SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.2.75 Spike for pseudovirus production
212507pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 BQ.1.1Encodes SARS-CoV-2 variant BQ.1.1 Spike for pseudovirus production
212508pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 BA.2.75.2Encodes SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.2.75.2 Spike for pseudovirus production
212509pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 R346T(ACA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike R346T for pseudovirus production
212510pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N460K(AAG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N460K for pseudovirus production
212511pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 K444T(ACA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike K444T for pseudovirus production
212512pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 F486S(TCT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike F486S for pseudovirus production
212513pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 D1199N(AAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike D1199N for pseudovirus production
212514pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 W152R(CGG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike W152R for pseudovirus production
212515pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 F157L(TTA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike F157L for pseudovirus production
212516pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 K147E(GAG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike K147E for pseudovirus production
212517pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 I210V(GTA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike I210V for pseudovirus production
212518pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 G257S(AGT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G257S for pseudovirus production
212519pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 BA.4Encodes SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.4 Spike for pseudovirus production
212521pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 XBBEncodes SARS-CoV-2 variant XBB Spike for pseudovirus production
212523pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 XBB.1.5Encodes SARS-CoV-2 variant XBB.1.5 Spike for pseudovirus production
212524pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 V83AEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike V83A for pseudovirus production
212525pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 H146QEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike H146Q for pseudovirus production
212526pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q183EEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q183E for pseudovirus production
212527pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 V213EEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike V213E for pseudovirus production
212528pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 G252VEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G252V for pseudovirus production
212529pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 L368IEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L368I for pseudovirus production
212530pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 V445PEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike V445P for pseudovirus production
212531pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 F486PEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike F486P for pseudovirus production
212532pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 XBB.1.16Encodes SARS-CoV-2 variant XBB.1.16 Spike for pseudovirus production
212533pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 T478R (AGA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T478R for pseudovirus production
212534pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 XBB.1 T478REncodes SARS-CoV-2 variant XBB.1 Spike T478R for pseudovirus production
212535pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q52H (CAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q52H for pseudovirus production
212536pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 F456L (TTA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike F456L for pseudovirus production
212537pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 FD.1.1Encodes SARS-CoV-2 variant FD.1.1 Spike for pseudovirus production
212538pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 BA.2.86Encodes SARS-CoV-2 variant BA.2.86 Spike for pseudovirus production
212540pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 B.1.617v5 (B.1.617.3)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike T19R,G142D,E156-F157 deletion,R158G,N450R,E484Q,D614G,P681R,D950N for pseudovirus production
212541pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S247R (AGG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S247R for pseudovirus production
212543pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 A701V (GTA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike A701V for pseudovirus production
212545pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 R21T (ACA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike R21T for pseudovirus production
212546pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 S50L (CTT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike S50L for pseudovirus production
212547pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 V127F (TTC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike V127F for pseudovirus production
212548pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 F157S (TCC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike F157S for pseudovirus production
212549pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 R158G (GGC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike R158G for pseudovirus production
212550pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 L216F (TTC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L216F for pseudovirus production
212551pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 H245N (AAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike H245N for pseudovirus production
212552pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 A264D (GAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike A264D for pseudovirus production
212553pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 I332V (GTC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike I332V for pseudovirus production
212554pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 G339H (CAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G339H for pseudovirus production
212555pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 K356T (ACG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike K356T for pseudovirus production
212556pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 R403K (AAG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike R403K for pseudovirus production
212557pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 V445H (CAC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike V445H for pseudovirus production
212558pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 G446S (AGC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike G446S for pseudovirus production
212559pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N450D (GAT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N450D for pseudovirus production
212560pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 L452W (TGG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L452W for pseudovirus production
212561pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N460K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N460K for pseudovirus production
212562pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 N481K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike N481K for pseudovirus production
212563pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 V483K (AAG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike V483K for pseudovirus production
212564pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 del E484Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike E484 deletion for pseudovirus production
212566pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 E554K (AAA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike E554K for pseudovirus production
212569pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 P681R (CGA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike P681R for pseudovirus production
212571pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 P1143L (CTC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike P1143L for pseudovirus production
212572pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 HK.3Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike for HK.3 pseudovirus production
212573pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 HV.1Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike for HV.1 pseudovirus production
212574pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 L455F (TTT)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L455F for pseudovirus production
216523pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 A475V (GTC)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike A475V for pseudovirus production
216524pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 L455S (TCG)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike L455S for pseudovirus production
216525pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 JD.1Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike for JD.1 pseudovirus production
216526pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 JN.1Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike for JN.1 pseudovirus production
216527pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 JN.4Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike for JN.4 pseudovirus production
216528pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 P521S (TCA)Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike P521S for pseudovirus production
216529pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 XBB.2.3Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike for XBB.2.3 pseudovirus production
223271pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 JN.1.18Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike JN.1.18 for pseudovirus production
223272pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 JN.1.11.1Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike JN.1.11.1 for pseudovirus production
223275pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 Q493EEncodes SARS-CoV-2 spike Q493E for pseudovirus production
223277pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 LB.1Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike LB.1 for pseudovirus production
223278pTwist-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-deltaC18 deltaS31Encodes SARS-CoV-2 spike deltaS31 for pseudovirus production

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